Dry Extract and Minerals

Total dry extract, or dry matter, consists of all substances that are non-volatile under physical conditions which deliberately avoid altering their nature. Dry extract in wine includes non-volatile organic substances and mineral compounds. During combustion of the extract, the organic compounds are converted into CO2 and H2O. The inorganic substances produce carbonates and inorganic anionic salts that form ash. 

Organic acids in grapes are partly neutralized by potassium and calcium ions, forming salts. This 

All of the inorganic cations are naturally present in must and wine at non-toxic concentrations. However, certain metals, such as lead, zinc, tin and mercury, may occur in higher concentrations as a result of the social and economic environment and/or vineyard cultivation methods. Fertilizers 

Handbook of Enology Volume 2 The Chemistry of Wine and Stabilization and Treatments P. Rib reau-Gayon, Y. Glories, A. Maujean and D. Dubourdieu 2006 John Wiley Sons, Ltd 

A simple medium containing no organic matter, e.g. mineral water, has approximately 4770 mg/1 of dry extract at 180°C. This consists only of anions (bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, fluorides, etc.) and cations (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc.). The dry extract from water therefore corresponds to ash. 

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One of the more important considerations in determining the end use of synthetic graphite is its contamination with metallic components Metals such as iron, vanadium, and especially in nuclear applications, boron are deleterious to the performance of graphite Table 3 presented the extraction yields of NMP-soluble material for three bituminous coals. For these coals, mineral matter and insoluble coal residue were separated from the extract by simple filtration through 1-2 pm filter paper fable 13 lists the high-temperature ash content in the dry coal, and in their corresponding NMP-insoluble and NMP-soluble products. The reduced ash content of the extract is typically between 0.1 to 0.3 wt% using traditional filtration techniques for the small-scaled extraction experiments... 

General Procedure [68]. To an ice-chilled solution of partially protected sugar ( mmol) in 5 mL of DMF, was added, under nitrogen, NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil 0.06 g, 1.5 eq.). The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and cooled tc -40°C. A solution of A(N -sulfuryldiimidazole 15 (0.30 g, 1.5 Eq) in 3 mL of DMF wa added, and the mixture stirred for 30 min at -40°C. After addition of MeOH (0.2 mL), and stirring for 30 min at —40°C, the reaction mixture was poured into cold water and extracted twice with ether. The combined etheral extracts were washed with water until pH 7, dried (NajSO ), and evaporated to dryness. 

A mixture of the alcohol (0.73 g, 2.0 mmol), sodium hydride (88 mg, 2.2 mmol, of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil), and dry THF (25 mL) was refluxed for 20 min, then cooled to room temperature and treated with Bu4Nl (74 mg, 0.2 mmol) and benzyl bromide (260 j,L, 2.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then concentrated, diluted with saturated aqueous NaHC03 (20 mL), and extracted with CH2C12 (2 x 30 mL). The combined extracts were dried (NajSO,) and concentrated. The crude product was eluted from a column of silica gel with 7 3 petroleum ether-ethyl acetate to afford the benzyl ether as a syrup. 

Remove the reaction mixture from beneath the mineral oil, phenol/chloroform extract, chloroform extract, and precipitate the DNA by adding 25 pL 7 5M ammonium acetate and 150 pL ethanol. Precipitate at room temperature for 10 min. Centrifuge for 10 mm at 12,000 rpm in a microcentrifuge, wash the DNA pellet with 100 pL 70% ethanol, dry, and resuspend in 20 pL TE buffer Digest the DNA fragment with YhoI according to the supplier s instructions. 

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