Drug synthesis pharmaceutical applications

Y. Li, Y. Cheng, and T. Xu, Design, synthesis and potent pharmaceutical applications of glycodendrimers A mini review, Curr. Drug Discov. Technol., 4 (2007) 246-254. 

Senanayake, C. H., Jacobsen, E. N. Chiral (Salen)Mn(III) Complexes in Asymmetric Epoxidations Practical Synthesis of Ci s - Am i n o i n d ano 1 and Its Application to Enantiopure Drug Synthesis, Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Gadamasetti, K. G. Marcel Dekker New York, 1999, Chapter 18, 327. 

Chemical substances have become an essential part of human activities. Proper use of chemical substances help human society protect itself from hunger, thirst, famine, disease, and infection with good grains, fruits, and vegetables. Synthesis, formulations, and proper use of newer drugs and pharmaceuticals have offered the benefits of improved health care to society. In short, proper and judicious application of a variety of chemical substances has improved the quality of life. In contrast, improper use or misuse of chemical substances has resulted in health disorders and fatalities. Furthermore, improper use has caused chemical disasters both at the workplace and in the environment. 

Combinatorial chemistry is a sophisticated set of techniques used to synthesize, pnrify, analyze, and screen large numbers of chemical compounds, far faster and cheaper than was previously possible. The direct precursor of combinatorial chemistry was the solid-phase synthesis of polypeptides developed by American biochemist Robert Bruce Merrifield in the 1960s, followed by the advances in laboratory automation since then. Initial development of the field has been led by the pharmaceutical industry in the search for new drugs, but its applications are spreading into other fields of chemistry. Other terms associated with this field are parallel array synthesis and high-throughput chemistry. 

For pharmaceutical purposes 2000-3000 tonnes of amino acids are required annually worldwide. More than half of this amount ends up in infusion solutions for artificial nutrition. Many amino acid derivatives are pharmacologically important acetylcysteine is mucolytic, (L)-DOPA an active agent to combat Parkinson s disease, and Oxitriptan ((S)-5-hydroxytryptophan) is an antidepressant. Specifically substituted, (D)-configured, a- and /3-amino acids find widespread application as building blocks for drug synthesis. 

Both W/O/W and O/W/O emulsions have attracted considerable attention because of their potential applications in food science [4-7], cosmetics [8-10] and pharmaceutics [11]. In particular, there have been many studies on the pharmaceutical applications of W/O/W emulsions because the internal aqueous droplets can contain water-soluble drugs for controlled release or targetable delivery [12-14]. Solid microcapsules loaded vhth bioactive polymers are also prepared from W/O/W droplets by the solvent evaporation method [15-18]. Other applications studied thus far include the synthesis of shaped polymeric microparticles [19] and the use of the intermediating phase as the permeation membrane in separation technology [20-25]. 

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