Draper

When there are sufficient data at different temperatures, the temperature dependence of the parameters is reflected in the confidence ellipses (Bryson and Ho, 1969 Draper and Smith,... 

Draper, N. R., Smith, H. "Applied Regression Analysis," John Wiley, New York (1966). 

In the maximum-likelihood method used here, the "true" value of each measured variable is also found in the course of parameter estimation. The differences between these "true" values and the corresponding experimentally measured values are the residuals (also called deviations). When there are many data points, the residuals can be analyzed by standard statistical methods (Draper and Smith, 1966). If, however, there are only a few data points, examination of the residuals for trends, when plotted versus other system variables, may provide valuable information. Often these plots can indicate at a glance excessive experimental error, systematic error, or "lack of fit." Data points which are obviously bad can also be readily detected. If the model is suitable and if there are no systematic errors, such a plot shows the residuals randomly distributed with zero means. This behavior is shown in Figure 3 for the ethyl-acetate-n-propanol data of Murti and Van Winkle (1958), fitted with the van Laar equation. 

In many process-design calculations it is not necessary to fit the data to within the experimental uncertainty. Here, economics dictates that a minimum number of adjustable parameters be fitted to scarce data with the best accuracy possible. This compromise between "goodness of fit" and number of parameters requires some method of discriminating between models. One way is to compare the uncertainties in the calculated parameters. An alternative method consists of examination of the residuals for trends and excessive errors when plotted versus other system variables (Draper and Smith, 1966). A more useful quantity for comparison is obtained from the sum of the weighted squared residuals given by Equation (1). 

S. Wemeck and R. Pinner, The Suface Treatment and Finishing ofMluminum andits Mllojs, Robert Draper, Ltd., Teddington, U.K., 1972. 

R. Bmgger, Nickel Plating. A Comprehensive Review of Theory, Practice, Properties, and Applications Including Cobalt Plating, Draper, Teddington, UK, 1970. 

A. Vagramyan and Z. Soloveva, Technology of Electrodepositions Robert Draper Ltd., Teddington, UK, 1961. 

Draper and Pollard [Science 109 448 1949] added 12% water, 0.1% aluminium (can also use zinc), and 0.05% NaHC03 to phenol, and distd at atmospheric pressure until the azeotrope was removed. The phenol was then distd at 25mm. Phenol has also been dried by distn from the benzene soln to remove the water- benzene azeotrope and the excess benzene, followed by distn of the phenol at reduced pressure under nitrogen. Processes such as this are probably adequate for analytical grade phenol which has as its main impurity water. Phenol has also been crystd from pet ether/ benzene or pet ether (b 40-60°). Purified material is stored in a vacuum desiccator over P2O5 or CaS04. 

K. C. Hickman, S. M. Caspar, S. S. H. Naqvi, K. P. Bishop, J. R, McNeil, G. D. Tipton, B. R, Stallard, and B. L. Draper. Use of Diffraction From Latent Images to Improve Lithogrophy Control. Presented at the SPIE Technical Conference 1464 Symposium on I.C. Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control, San Jose, CA, 1991, Proc. SPIE. 1464, pp. 245-257, 1991. Another application is presented of scattering characterization and modeling from periodic structures for process control. 

EllenwareU) f.pl, dry goods, draper s goods. Ellef) /. alder. 

Hunt, I., and Draper, W. W. (1964). Lightning in His Hand The Life Stoiy of Nikola Testa. Denver Sage Books. 

Fedotev, N. P. and Grilikhes, S. YA., Eleciropolishing, Anodizing and Electrolytic Pickling of Metals (Moscow, 1957), trans. Robert Draper, Teddington (1959)... 

CP30I2 1972, Cleaning and preparation of metal surfaces , B.S.I., London Wernick, S. and Pinner, R., The Surface Treatment and Finishing of Aluminium and Its Alloys, Robert Draper, London, 3rd edn (1964)... 

Vagramyan, A. T. and Soloveva, Z. A., Technology of Electrodeposition, Robert Draper, Teddington (1961)... 

Draper, N., Smith, HApplied Regression Analysis, 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981. 

Where large samples of reactant are used and/or where C02 withdrawal is not rapid or complete, the rates of calcite decomposition can be controlled by the rate of heat transfer [748] or C02 removal [749], Draper [748] has shown that the shapes of a—time curves can be altered by varying the reactant geometry and supply of heat to the reactant mass. Under the conditions used, heat flow, rather than product escape, was identified as rate-limiting. Using large ( 100 g) samples, Hills [749] concluded that the reaction rate was controlled by both the diffusion of heat to the interface and C02 from it. The proposed models were consistent with independently measured values of the transport parameters [750—752] whether these results are transfenable to small samples is questionable. 

A.L. Draper, Proc. 14th Robert A. Welch Found. Conf. Chem. Res., 14 (1970) 214. 

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