Draper effect

While referring to the production of chemical union between hydrogen and chlorine brought about by die influence of light, attention may be drawn to what is known as the Draper Effect, which is best demonstrated in the following apparatus —... 

Trilok, G. and Draper, H.H. 1989a Effect of a high protein diet on acid-base balance in adult rats. 

Studies have demonstrated that treatment with soy or phytoestrogen enriched diets is effective in conserving bone in rodent models of osteoporosis (Anderson and Gamer, 1998 Ishimi et al, 2000 Draper et al, 1997). The mechanism of action of phytoestrogens on bone health is unclear but several mechanisms including inhibition of bone resorption and stimulation of bone formation maybe involved (Fanti etal, 1998 Ishimi e/a/., 1999 Picherit eta/., 2000). Limited data from studies in postmenopausal women have indicated that phytoestrogen supplements have a small, beneficial effect on bone loss in the lumbar spine (Alekel et al, 2000 Potter et al, 1998 Somekawa et al, 2001). 

DRAPER c R, DICK I M and PRINCE R L (1999) The effect of estrogen deficiency on calcium balance in mature rats. Calcif Tissue Int 64, 325-8. 

Mulder, A.H. Draper, R. Sminia, P. Schoffelmeer, A.N.M. and Stoof, J.C. Agonist and antagonist effects of 3-PPP enantiomers on functional dopamine autoreceptors and postsynaptic dopamine receptors in vitro. jji J. Pharmacol 107 291 -297, 1985. 

Baker VL, Draper M, Paul S, Allerheiligen S, Giant M, Shifren J, Jaffe RB (1998) Reproductive endocrine and endometrial effects of raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in women with regular menstrual cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 6-13... 

Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, Ravoux AC, Shah AS, Huster WJ, Draper M, Christiansen C (1997) Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 337 1641-1647... 

Reid IR, Eastell R, Fogelman I, Adachi JD, Rosen A, Netelenbos C, Watts NB, Seeman E, Ciaccia AV, Draper MW (2004) A comparison of the effects of raloxifene and conjugated equine estrogen on bone and lipids in healthy postmenopausal women. Arch Intern... 

Boss SM, Huster WJ, Neild JA, Giant MD, Eisenhut CC, Draper MW (1997) Effects of raloxifene hydrochloride on the endometrium of postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 1458-1464... 

Jolly EE, Bjarnason NH, Neven P, Plouffe L Jr, Johnston CC Jr, Watts SD, Arnaud CD, Mason TM, Crans G, Akers R, Draper MW (2003) Prevention of osteoporosis and uterine effects in postmenopausal women taking raloxifene for 5 years. Menopause 10(4) 337—344... 

This principle is so simple that it has been given the title the first law of photochemistry, and was first expressed by Grotthus and Draper in the early 19th century. They stated it as the (hopefully) obvious truth Only light that is absorbed can have any photochemical effect . 

The rat has been used rather widely to study the relation between dietary protein, or acid salt feeding, and calcium loss. Barzel and Jowsey (19) showed that the rat fed a control diet supplemented with ammonium chloride excreted excessive urinary calcium, and experienced a concomitant loss of fat-free bone tissue. Draper, et al. (20) extending this work, reported an inverse relation between dietary phosphate and loss of bone calcium and dry, fat-free tissue. In subsequent studies (21), they reported that this process was accompanied by reduced serum calcium levels the high phosphorus, low calcium diet increased urinary calcium loss. Whereas, increasing the phosphorus content of the diet stopped the excessive urinary calcium loss. To test possible zinc loss that might result from this sort of acid salt feeding, Jacob and her coworkers (22) fed rats a supplement of ammonium chloride and then measured urinary zinc and calcium. The hypercalciuria occurred exclusive of an effect upon urinary zinc loss. 

Fuller GB, Draper SW. 1975. Effect of mirex on induced ovulation in immature rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 148 414-417. 

Bath, to the effect that it is "more important to know what sort of patient has a disease, than to know what sort of disease a patient has." One of the most modern exponents of the same idea was George Draper, who founded the Constitutional Clinic of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, in 1916, and who with his collaborators published a book, Human Constitution in Clinical Medicine, in 1944.3... 

In the early stages of much research, it is not always known which of the system inputs actually affect the responses from the system that is, it is not always known which inputs are factors, and which are not. One point of view describes all Inputs as factors, and then seeks to discover which are significant factors, and which are not significant. How would you design an experiment (or set of experiments) to prove that a factor exerted a significant effect on a response How would you design an experiment (or set of experiments) to prove that a factor had absolutely no effect on the response [See, for example, Fisher (1971), or Draper and Smith (1981).]... 

Parry, J.M. Sharp, D.C. (1981) Induction of mitotic aneuploidy in the yeast strain D6 by 42 coded compounds. In de Series, F.J. Ashby, J., eds, Progress in Mutation Research, Volume 1, Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Collaborative Program, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science, pp. 468-480 Parry, E.M. (1985) Tests for effects on mitosis and the mitotic spindle in Chinese hamster primary liver cells (CHl-L) in culture. In Ashby, J., de Serres, F.J., Draper, M., Ishidate, M., Jr, Margolin, B.H., Matter, B.E. Shelby, M.D., eds. Progress in Mutation Research, Volume 5, Evaluation of Short-Term Tests for Carcinogens. Report of the International Programme on Chemical Safety s Collaborative Study on in vitro assays, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science, pp. 479-485... 

Bird. R.P.. Draper. H.H. Basrur, PK. (1982) Effect of malonaldehyde and acetaldehyde on cultured mammalian cells production of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. Mutat. Res.. 101. 237-246... 

When a photon passes close to a molecule, there is an interaction between the electromagnetic field associated with the molecule and that associated with the radiation. If, and only if, the radiation is absorbed by the molecule as a result of this interaction, can the radiation be effective in producing photochemical changes (Grotthus-Draper law, see, e.g., Finlay son-Pitts and Pitts, 1986). Therefore, the first thing we need to be concerned about is the probability with which a given compound absorbs uv and visible light. This information is contained in the compounds uv/vis absorption spectrum, which is often readily available or can be easily measured with a spectrophotometer. 

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