Downstream processing operations

Phosphorus Pentoxide. Phosphoms compounds form PF or POF compounds in the furnace. Some may be hydroly2ed to higher boiling forms in downstream process operation. Some of the phosphoms compounds do appear in the final product. This is objectionable to some users. 

The susceptibility of biological systems, including procaryotic and eucaryo-tic cultures and enzyme solutions, to the forces prevailing under normal processing conditions has been extensively studied and is the subject of comprehensive reviews [12-16], including other chapters in this volume. Downstream processing operations, as well as routine pumping, will expose cell suspensions... 

Continuous reactors, including simple plug-flow pipe reactors, tubular reactors containing static or other mixing devices, and jet reactors of various types, have been used to efficiently produce toxic materials for immediate consumption in downstream processing operations with little or no inventory. Some examples follow. 

MBSE opens up an attractive alternative to classical downstream processing operations as chromatography. 

Axens, Petrochemical Processes 2005 , Hydrocarbon Processing,, CD ROM, p. 82 K. Weissermel, H.-J. Arpe, Industrial Organic Chemistry VCH Publishers, 2 edition 1993 details many downstream process operations. 

However, the integration of PIM also creates synergy in the development of intensified processes, novel product forms, and size dependent phenomena, which in turn provides novel intensified processes. Process intensification-miniaturization is seen as an important element of sustainable development because it can deliver 1) at least a 10-fold decrease in process equipment volume 2) elimination of parasitic steps and unwanted by-products, thus eliminating some downstream processing operations 3) inherent safety because of reduced reactor volume 4) novel product forms 5) energy, capital, and operating cost reduction, and an environment friendly process 6) plant mobility, responsiveness, and security and 7) a platform for other technologies. 

Physical and chemical properties of the wet feed as well as the product desired (specifications) expected variability in feed characteristics Upstream and downstream processing operations... 

For the production of clinical-grade proteins, plant cell cultures and all downstream processing operations need to meet the standards that have been set for other... 

One cornerstone provision of cGMPs is validation, a concept introduced to assure product consistency [84], The validation of downstream processing operations aims to prove that they are capable of consistently removing impurities (e.g., host cell components, process-related materials, adventitious agents) to acceptable levels. Additionally, acceptance limits and operating ranges for each step must be determined [84]. Validation studies usually lead to optimized processes with reduced variability and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the number of failed batches. Thus, the development of adenovirus manufacturing processes (and associated facility) should be undertaken with validation in mind, not only to improve quality assurance and accelerate approval, but also to reduce costs [85, 86]. 

In practice, installations from 100 to 600 tpy of ammonia capacity are considered small-scale plants. All downstream processing operations (urea, nitric acid, etc.) in this size range are also considered to be small-scale plants. 

De Palma A. Downstream processing operations hold the key to bioprocess cost control. Gen Eng News 1996 19 19-20. 

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