Reductions in operating costs

The environmental and economic advantages of dyeing with supercritical 

High volumes of waste water with the residual dye chemicals, etc. 

High-energy requirements Dyeing/washing, drying times is 4-6 hours per batch 

No waste water at all. Dye remains as powder. No need for dispersing, leveling agents 

The Yeh Group has branded these as DiyDye fabrics. Negotiations are currently underway with top consumer branded sports apparel companies that promote ecologically sound manufacturing processes. 

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Dr. Blum Our office in New York has done several economic analyses. The distinct advantage of liquid-phase methanation, other than the fact it does not have recycle cost, is that it requires only about 60% of the capital cost. For a commercial plant of 250 billion Btu per day, the capital cost is projected at about 18,000,000. Since the operating costs depend very substantially on the capital costs, there is a very big reduction in operating costs. We project at the moment an advantage in the order of four to six cents per million Btu over cold gas and hot gas recycle. 

The use of microbial systems as in vitro models for drug metabolism in humans has been proposed, as there are many similarities between certain microbial enzyme systems and mammalian liver enzyme systems. The major advantages of using microorganisms are their ability to produce significant quantities of metabolites that would otherwise be difficult to obtain from animal systems or by chemical synthesis, and the considerable reduction in operating costs compared with animal studies. 

For production-scale processes economic pressure arises and thus a successive optimization of the chromatographic system will pay off by a reduction in operating costs. Therefore, the development of the chromatographic system has to start with the search for a suitable mobile phase with high solubility for the given solute (Section 4.3.1) and a compatible adsorbent. Dependent on the nature of the phase system the separation is optimized by adjusting the mobile phase composition (Sections 4.3.2-4.3.4). 

The smelter capital cost of FF290 million in 1995 and a 20% reduction in operating cost when compared to the earlier technology plant have been reported by Metaleurop for the... 

Reduced costs - 10—15% reduction in operating costs and 20% reduction in capital costs... 

This section discusses these routes in the order shown. Aqueous electrolysis of HCl is a commercial process that has been practiced widely. The anhydrous route is developmental but has the potential for large reductions in operating cost. The incentive for indirect electrolysis is the reduction in cathode voltage when reducing certain metals rather than hydrogen ions. The last-named process depends on the added value for its commercial success. The chief product is a metal, with chlorine as a useful byproduct. Sodium and magnesium are the examples covered in the text. 

The staging efficiency is particularly true for steam jet ejectors because the motive steam for one stage becomes the load for succeeding stages. Interstage condensers can dramatically reduce steam consumption consequently all multistage jets should be provided with intercondensers. The reduction in operating cost completely overshadows the increase in capital investment. 

Overall process control. Decaffeination plants provide an ideal application area for computerised control. The control system can signal to the operators when each step should be taken and what this step should be. This results in a considerable reduction in operating costs and allows the complete plant to be operated by as few as 3 or 4 operators per shift. Even so, labour costs account for between 25 and 40% of the variable costs. 

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