Double passage process

When vacancies are present prior to the collision (e.g., by using highly stripped projectiles), the coupling region is passed twice. In this case, interference effects may occur so that the double passage process often exhibits oscillatory structures in the relevant excitation function. The oscillations are governed by the molecular potentials at relatively small intemuclear distances. Thus, the double-passage process reveals information about the molecular orbitals near the united atom limit. 

The double-passage process has been studied by Schuch et for... 

The same quantity but at smaller intemuclear distances is tested, when the double-passage process for vacancy transfer is examined. The transition probability exhibits oscillatory structures due to interferences between ingoing and outgoing parts of the collision. The related two-state formula shows that the oscillatory structure is superimposed on a smooth function already known from the single-passage process. Thus, the new information is implied in the oscillatory structure. The locations of the minima and maxima are determined by the difference of the related MO energies. Hence, the oscillatory structure allows for studying the formation of MO s at small... 

The number of generations (doublings, passages) between the seed lot or cell bank and the finished product should be consistent with the marketing authorization dossier. Scaling up of the process should not change this fundamental relationship. 

The extent to which ions, etc. adsorb or experience an electrostatic ( coulombic ) attraction with the surface of an electrode is determined by the material from which the electrode is made (the substrate), the chemical nature of the materials adsorbed (the adsorbate) and the potential of the electrode to which they adhere. Adsorption is not a static process, but is dynamic, and so ions etc. stick to the electrode (adsorb) and leave its surface (desorb) all the time. At equilibrium, the rate of adsorption is the same as the rate of desorption, thus ensuring that the fraction of the electrode surface covered with adsorbed material is constant. The double-layer is important because faradaic charge - the useful component of the overall charge - represents the passage of electrons through the double-layer to effect redox changes to the material in solution. 

This cultivation method is defined by a limited number of passages or population doublings which must not be exceeded during production. The maximum number of cell doublings, or passage levels, during which the manufacturing process routinely meets the criteria described below, must be stated. 

The eviscerated fetal carcasses are fixed and processed for skeletal examination, following maceration of the soft tissues with aqueous potassium hydroxide, staining of the skeleton with Alizarin red or double staining with Alizarin red and Aldan blue then passage into glycerol. 

A simple apparatus for steam distillation is shown in Fig. 2.102. Flask A contains the liquid to be steam distilled it is fitted with the splash-head B which prevents the carry-over of the contents of the flask A into the receiver. To carry out a steam distillation, the solution (or mixture of the solid with a little water) is placed in the flask A, and the apparatus is completely assembled. Steam is passed into flask A, which is itself heated by means of a flame to prevent too rapid an accumulation of water. If the substance crystallises in the condenser and tends to choke it, the water should be run out of the condenser for a few minutes until the solid material has been melted and carried by the steam into the receiver the water should then be cautiously readmitted to the hot condenser. It is best to use a condenser of the double surface type if the rate at which the steam distillation is carried out is rapid if necessary two such condensers connected in series may be used since in most steam distillations best results are obtained when the process of distillation is carried out rapidly. The passage of steam is continued until no appreciable amount of water-insoluble material is... 

The number of population doublings or passages in this type of culture is neither defined nor restricted for production. The manufacturer will define the criteria adopted for both the cell culture and the end of the production process (see above - Cultures with a finite number of passages). During the culture stage, these criteria must be monitored the frequency and type of monitoring will depend on the nature of the production system and the product (Bollati et al., 2005). These should be defined and recorded when the product is registered. 

If E is the actual potential difference across the double layer, formed by the electrons on the metal and the ions in solution, it may be supposed that a fraction a of this potential facilitates the discharge of ions, while the remainder, 1 — a, hinders the reverse process, i.e., the passage of ions... 

Now, for the electrode to change its potential the electrical double layer (Section 8-6) must be charged or discharged by the passage of current, which must flow through an effective resistance equal to the polarization resistance. The time constant for the charging process is the product of resistance and capacitance, or... 

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