Doping ionic

An original use of lanthanide metals in the field of ionic liquid crystals was proposed by Biinzli and coworkers [78, 79]. They doped ionic liquid crystals with europium ions, and exploited their photophysical properties. They showed that emission characteristics, lifetime of the excited state, and intensity of the hypersensitive... 

CastigUone, F. Ragg, E. Mele, A. Appetecchi, G. B. Montemino, M. Passerini, S., Molecular Environment and Enhanced Diffusivity of li+ Ions in Lithium-Salt-Doped Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011,2, 153-157. 

Lassegues, J. C. Grondin, J. Aupetit, C. Johansson, P., Spectroscopic Identification of the Lithium Ion Transporting Species in Litfsi-Doped Ionic Liqttids. J. Phys. Chem. A 2009,113, 305-314. 

Y. S. Gal, S. H. Jin, A self-doped ionic conjugated polymer poly(2-ethynyl-pyridinium-N-benzoylsulfonate) by the activated polymerization of 2-ethynylpyridine with ring-opening of 2-sulfobenzoic acid cyclic anhydride, Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 2004, 25, 777. 

Y. S. Gal, S. H.Jin, K. T. Lim, S. H. Kim, K. Koh, Synthesis and electro-optical properties of self-doped ionic conjugated polymers poly 2-ethynyl-N-(4-sulfobutyl)pyridinium betaine, Current Applied Physics 2005, 5, 38. 

Lassegues JC, Grondin J, Aupetit C, Johansson P (2009) Spectroscopic identification of the lithium ion transporting species in LiTFSI-doped ionic liquids. J Phys Chem A 113 305... 

The preparation (Fig. 4.1) and structure (Fig. 4.3) of an HsPOa-doped ionically cross-linked acid-base blend membrane (membranes 1927A and 1940 in Table 4.7) was already depicted schematically in the introduction. Figure 4.11 presents the preparation and the structure of a covalently cross-linked blend membrane (membranes 1921C, 1925C, and 1938), and Fig. 4.12 the preparation and structure of a covalent-ionically cross-linked blend membrane (membrane 1943). 

Lunstroot K, Driesen K, Nockemann P, Gorller-Walrand C, Binnemans K, Bellayer S, Le Bideau J, Vioux A (2006) Luminescent ionogels based on europium-doped ionic liquids confined within silica-derived networks. Chem Mater 18(24) 5711-5715... 

The result is the formation of a dense and uniform metal oxide layer in which the deposition rate is controlled by the diffusion rate of ionic species and the concentration of electronic charge carriers. This procedure is used to fabricate the thin layer of soHd electrolyte (yttria-stabilized 2irconia) and the interconnection (Mg-doped lanthanum chromite). 

Historically, materials based on doped barium titanate were used to achieve dielectric constants as high as 2,000 to 10,000. The high dielectric constants result from ionic polarization and the stress enhancement of k associated with the fine-grain size of the material. The specific dielectric properties are obtained through compositional modifications, ie, the inclusion of various additives at different doping levels. For example, additions of strontium titanate to barium titanate shift the Curie point, the temperature at which the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition occurs and the maximum dielectric constant is typically observed, to lower temperature as shown in Figure 1 (2). 

These equations represent expressions for the extrinsic ionic conductivity of the material as exhibited by the shortened defect notation of equation 12, showing that Na vacancies are created by doping and not primarily generated from thermal energy. 

The anode material in SOF(7s is a cermet (rnetal/cerarnic composite material) of 30 to 40 percent nickel in zirconia, and the cathode is lanthanum rnanganite doped with calcium oxide or strontium oxide. Both of these materials are porous and mixed ionic/electronic conductors. The bipolar separator typically is doped lanthanum chromite, but a metal can be used in cells operating below 1073 K (1472°F). The bipolar plate materials are dense and electronically conductive. 

The first use of ionic liquids in free radical addition polymerization was as an extension to the doping of polymers with simple electrolytes for the preparation of ion-conducting polymers. Several groups have prepared polymers suitable for doping with ambient-temperature ionic liquids, with the aim of producing polymer electrolytes of high ionic conductance. Many of the prepared polymers are related to the ionic liquids employed for example, poly(l-butyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide) and poly(l-ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [38 1]. 

Accommodation of metal atoms of widely differing ionic radii into the same overall structure creates interesting possibilities for the doping of metal ions into a common matrix for spectroscopic examination under nearly constant crystal field effects. 

When the substituent is an ionic chain [Fig. 13(b)] with the anion on the organic side, some of the lateral anions act as counter-ions during electrochemical oxidation. The cation of the salt is expelled from, or included in, the material during oxidation or reduction, respectively. These are self-compensating or self-doping (chemical or physical terminology, respectively) materials.76... 

Today, the term solid electrolyte or fast ionic conductor or, sometimes, superionic conductor is used to describe solid materials whose conductivity is wholly due to ionic displacement. Mixed conductors exhibit both ionic and electronic conductivity. Solid electrolytes range from hard, refractory materials, such as 8 mol% Y2C>3-stabilized Zr02(YSZ) or sodium fT-AbCb (NaAluOn), to soft proton-exchange polymeric membranes such as Du Pont s Nafion and include compounds that are stoichiometric (Agl), non-stoichiometric (sodium J3"-A12C>3) or doped (YSZ). The preparation, properties, and some applications of solid electrolytes have been discussed in a number of books2 5 and reviews.6,7 The main commercial application of solid electrolytes is in gas sensors.8,9 Another emerging application is in solid oxide fuel cells.4,5,1, n... 

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