Dopaminergic cells system

An account of the dopaminergic systems in the human forebrain is given by Hurd and Hall in this volume, and a chapter on these systems in the brain of primates has already appeared in the Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy (Lewis and Sesack, 1997). The present chapter will therefore refer mainly to rodents. Data on dopaminergic cell groups and circuits in other subprimates and in primates will be mentioned, whenever useful for comparison and discussion. Some emphasis will be given instead to the distribution of DA receptors in the primate brain as compared to the rat, in order to provide an overview of the distribution of DA receptor subtypes. 

The main structures of the basal ganglia, defined nowadays in neuroscience as a system of functionally related and anatomically interconnected centers and circuits, include the striatum, the GP, the STh, and the SN (Fig. 16). The umbrella term of basal ganglia therefore groups structures located in the telencephalon (the striatum and GP), diencephalon (the STh) and brain stem (the midbrain dopaminergic cell groups). 

The dopaminergic fibers which innervate diencephalic structures will be dealt with here briefly, since most of the diencephalic DA-containing system is related to the dopaminergic cell groups of the hypothalamus, which are the subject of the chapter of Lookingland and Moore in this volume. The dopaminergic innervation of the STh was dealt with above in Section 6.2. 

EBs, that contain tissue derivatives of endo-dermal, ectodermal and mesodermal origin. Indeed, the abihty of hES cells to generate a variety of mature somatic ceU types was impressively demonstrated using both spontaneous and directed in vitro differentiation systems. Hence, since the initial report of the derivation of hES cells, they were shown to be able to differentiate into cardiac tissue, neuronal tissue including dopaminergic cells, islet pancreatic cells, hematopoietic progenitors, keratinocytes, bone tissue and endothelial cells. 

Barlow. B. K., Lee, D. W., Cory-Slcchta, D. A., and Opanashuk, L. A. (2003). Modulation of antioxidant defense systems by the environmental pesticide maneb in dopaminergic cells. NeumToxicology 26,63-75. 

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