DNA profiling

The second NIST human DNA SRM is a PCR-based DNA Profiling Standard. The PCR was first described by Saiki et al. (1985,1989). Since then it has developed into a highly versatile and widely used detection, identification, manipulation and analysis tool in molecular biology, including DNA profiling. In brief, two short synthetic oligonucleotides, or primers, are used to define an intervening DNA sequence... 

These three NIST SRMs have a number of important quality control applications for forensic DNA profiling, medical diagnostics and mutation detection. The main applications are summarized below ... 

SRM 2391 is designed to provide quality assurance to laboratories that perform DNA profiling using PCR methods. This SRM can be used to verify that each step of the analysis system is operating correctly and within the proper limits. 

Reeder DJ (1991) NIST standards development for RFLP DNA profiling. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Human Identification, pp 245-261. Promega Corporation. 

Fleck, L. C., Bicca, F. C. and Ayub, M. A. Z. (2000). Physiological aspects of hydrocarbon emulsification, metal resistance and DNA profile of biodegrading bacteria isolated from oil polluted sites, Biotechnol. Lett., 22, 285-289. 

PCR is now the front-end process for other DNA profiling techniques such as pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), terminal restriction... 

DNA profiling is also referred to as DNA fingerprinting and DNA typing. It is used in paternity identification, classification of plants, criminal cases, identification of victims, heredity (of living, recently deceased, and anciently deceased), etc. DNA profiling is a tool that allows comparison of DNA samples. 

While about 99.9% of our DNA is alike, the 0.1% is what makes us different individuals, and it is this 0.1% that allows for our identification as individuals. It is interesting to note that it is not the portions within the gene that make up our different physical and mental characteristics, but DNA profiling employs DNA taken from what is referred to as the junk DNA. ... 

This type of DNA profiling has allowed taxonomists to determine evolutionary relationships among plants, animals, and other life forms. Currently it is a basis for the so-called... 

DNA profiling was used to determine whether bones unearthed that were said to belong to Jesse James were in fact his. DNA samples were taken from his grandchildren and compared to those obtained from the bone material and shown to be similar, so that while it cannot be absolutely said that they were Jesse James bones, DNA evidence was consistent with them being his bones. DNA profiling has also been used in the identification of 9/11 victims, and a number of mass graves throughout the world. 

In 1998 the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) was begun by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). It is an automated forensic data bank that contains DNA profile data related to most of the recent major crimes. It is also connected with state systems as well as similar worldwide data bases. 

Some states have passed laws that require that everyone arrested for certain serious crimes provide a DNA sample for analysis and inclusion in CODIS (see below). What rules should there be for saving and sharing DNA profiles in law enforcement databases for a person arrested but acquitted of a crime ... 

Traditionally, one of the most accurate methods for placing an individual at the scene of a crime has been a fingerprint. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, a more powerful tool is now available DNA fingerprinting (also called DNA typing or DNA profiling). 

Chemistry is a foundation for many other disciplines, (a) Biochemists analyzing DNA profiles, (b) Meteorologist releasing weather balloon to study the chemistry of the upper atmosphere, (c) Technicians conducting DNA research, (d) Paleontologists preparing fossilized dinosaur bones for transport to laboratory for chemical analysis, (e) Astronomer studying the composition of asteroids. 

DNA testing (Box 5-D) is widely used by police throughout the world. It has been estimated that if ten loci in the DNA are tested the chance of a random match between two people is one in a billion. In the United Kingdom it is planned to hold DNA profiles on record for one of every 15 people. Is this wise Or should DNA profiles be recorded for all people 499 If DNA profiles are on record how can we be sure that they are not used dishonestly Should police have access to DNA data bases See Adam.500... 

Section 28.16 In DNA profiling the noncoding regions are cut into smaller fragments... 

J. Hammond and G. Spanswick, Biochem. Educ. 25, 109-111 (1997). A Demonstration of Genomic DNA Profiling by RAPD Analysis. ... 

Region 4 in the gated and ungated DNA profile can generate a curve analogous to a pulse-labeled mitosis analysis from 3HTdR/autoradiography. A plot... 

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