Evolution divergent

SA Benner, GH Gonnet, MA Cohen. Empirical and stractural models for insertions and deletions m the divergent evolution of proteins. I Mol Biol 229 1065-1082, 1993. 

QUATTROCCHIO, F, WING, J.F., VAN DER WOUDE, K., MOL, J.N.M., KOES, R., Analysis of bHLH and MYB domain proteins Species-specific regulatory differences are caused by divergent evolution of target anthocyanin genes, Plant J., 1998,13,475-488. 

Figure 10.11 Comparison of the structures of MR, MLE and enolase showing the two homologous domains that illustrate divergent evolution. (From Gerlt et al., 2005. Copyright 2005, with permission from Elsevier.)...

Gerlt, J.A., Babbitt, P.C. and Rayment, I. (2005) Divergent evolution in the enolase superfamily the interplay of mechanism and specificity, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 433, 59-70. 

Murzin, A. G. (1998). How far divergent evolution goes in proteins. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8, 380-387. 

Wise EL, Rayment I. 2004. Understanding the importance of protein structure to nature s routes for divergent evolution in TIM barrel enzymes. Acc Chem Res 37 149-158. 

Martens S, Forkmann G, Britsch L, WeUmann F, Matem U, Lukacin R (2003) Divergent evolution of flavonoid 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases in parsley. FEBS Lett 544 (l-3) 93-98... 

The AdoMet binding motif is similar to the Rossmann fold, which is well known from the nucleotide binding proteins [22]. It has been shown that the known crystal structures of methyltransferases are strikingly similar in the AdoMet-binding regions [23], which indicates that all AdoMet-utilizing enzymes may share a common divergent evolution. 

The mammalian serine proteases appear to represent a classic case of divergent evolution. All were presumably derived from a common ancestral serine protease.23 Proteins derived from a common ancestor are said to be homologous. Some nonmammalian serine proteases are 20 to 50% identical in sequence with their mammalian counterparts. The crystal structure of the elastase-like protease from Streptomyces griseus has two-thirds of the residues in a conformation similar to those in the mammalian enzymes, despite having only 186 amino acids in its sequence, compared with 245 in a-chymotrypsin. The bacterial enzymes and the pancreatic ones have probably evolved from a common precursor. 

Divergent evolution refers to two or more species that originate from a common ancestor but that are becoming more and more dissimilar over time. Examples include ... 

Figure 16.3 Specific example of divergent evolution a//J-barrel enzymes (Hegyi, 1998).

J. A. Gerlt and P. C. Babbitt, Divergent evolution of enzymatic function mechanistically diverse superfamilies and functionally diverse suprafamilies, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2001, 70, 209-246. 

M. Henn-Sax, B. Hocker, M. Wilmanns, and R. Sterner, Divergent evolution of (/Ja)8-barrel enzymes, Biol. Chem. 2001,... 

The comparison of protein folds has proved to be difficult the three-dimensional structures are frequently complicated, and quite significant differences can exist between structures that are, on the basis of sequence similarity, clearly related in evolutionary terms. On the other hand structures may sometimes resemble each other very closely, but fail to display any sequence similarity the classic example of this is the parallel beta barrel structure which has now been found in more than twenty proteins with no amino-acid sequence homology [35], In these cases the interpretation of the meaning of a similarity can be less than straightforward it may indicate that the proteins are evolutionary related ( divergent evolution ), that they are unrelated but have evolved similar structures because they carry out similar functions ( convergent evolution ) or the common structure may simply be a particularly stable one that is adopted by a large number of proteins. In addition to three similarities between complete protein folds, there may also be partial similarities. 

Gulick, J.T. 1888. Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation. Journal of the Linnean Society London, Zoology, 20, 189-274. 

Yoshikuni Y, Ferrin TE, Keasling JD (2006) Designed divergent evolution of enzyme function. Nature 440 1078-1082... 

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