Biosynthesis diterpenes

Diterpene biosynthesis Total synthesis Diels-Alder reaction... 

MacMillan J and Beale MH (1999) Diterpene biosynthesis. Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, Vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 217-243. 

The typical secondary metabolites of soft corals are diterpenoids, although some species also produce sesquiterpenoids. The sesquiterpene portion of furoquinol (Structure 2.102) is labeled by [2-3H]mevalonolactone in Sinularia capillosa,m while Heteroxenia sp. converts acetate and meva-lonate into cubebol (Structure 2.103) and clavukerin A (Structure 2.104).188 In contrast, acetate is used for cetyl palmitate synthesis in Alcyonium molle, but not for de novo diterpene biosynthesis.188... 

Nabeta, K., Ishikawa, T., Kawae, T. and Okuyama, H. (1995) Biosynthesis of het-eroscyphic acid a in cell cultures of Heteroscyphus planus nonequivalent labelling of C-5 units in diterpene biosynthesis.. Chem. Soc Series Chem. Commun., 6, 681-2. 

MOLECULAR CLONING OF INDOLE-DITERPENE BIOSYNTHESIS GENES... 

MACMILLAN, J., BEALE, M. H., Diterpene biosynthesis, in Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, Vol. 2, Isoprenoids Including Carotenoids and Steroids, (D.D. Cane, ed.) Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1999, pp. 217-243. 

Ren, Y.Y. and West, C.A. 1992. EUcitation of diterpene biosynthesis in rice (Oruza sativa L.) by chitin. Plant Physiol., 99 1169-1178. 

Croteau R, Gurkewitz S, Johnson MA, Fisk HJ (1987) Biochemistry of oleoresinosis monoterpene and diterpene biosynthesis in lodgepole pine saplings infected with Ceratocystis clavigera ot treated with carbohydrate elicitors. Plant Physiol 85(4) 1123-1128... 

PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF THE ENZYME SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN MONO-, SESQUI- AND DITERPENE BIOSYNTHESIS... 

More commonly, however, diterpene biosynthesis begins not with dissociation of GGPP but with protonation at the distal double bond, producing the bicyclic structures... 

Enzymes catalysing the initial steps in diterpene biosynthesis are localized in the plastids and depend on the 1-DXP pathway for their supply of GGPP. As with the monoterpenes. 

This view of compaitmentation as an important regulatory factor in terpenoid biosynthesis 498) may help explain the extraordinary diversity of sesqui- and diterpene chemistries found even within groups of closely related species. A survey of glandular terpenoid chemistries reveals that some species are predominantly sesquiterpene producers, others are diterpene producers, and still others produce copious amounts of both. Such diversity even within clusters of related species suggests that the expression of the regulatory process controlling the activation/inactivation of compartmentalized sesqui- and diterpene biosynthesis may play a role in the speciation process. 

Since diterpene biosynthesis, like monoterpene biosynthesis, is presumed to be compartmentalized within the secretory cells of the resin ducts, only the lower parts of the growing needles where secretory cells are lighly active were ground. 

Through the purification of the enzymes invoived in diterpene biosynthesis, our purpose is the understanding of the whoie chemical pathway leading to the excretion of resin.Cell cuitures from severai conifer species are initiated in order to study the regulation of the diterpene biosynthesis and its possibie correlation with the differentiation of plastids. 

Boehnlein, J.M., Santiago-Vasquez, L.Z., and Kerr, R.G. (2005) Diterpene biosynthesis by the dinoftageUate symbiont of the Caribbean gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia bipirmata. Mar. Ecol. Prag. Ser., 303,105-111. 

---