Pathogens distribution

Table 6.3 Urinary tract infection—distribution of pathogenic bacteria in the community and hospitalized patients...

Treatment guidelines developed by the Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership reflect antibiotic choices that are likely to result in favorable clinical and bacteriologic outcomes based on pathogen distribution, spontaneous resolution rates, and nationwide resistance patterns.310 These guidelines (Figs. 69-3 and 69-4) stratify therapy based on severity of disease and risk of infection with resistant organisms, defined as mild disease in patients with prior antibiotic use within 4 to 6 weeks. Other risk factors for resistance include day-care attendance or frequent... 

The age and sex distributions of Campylobacter infections are unique among bacterial enteric pathogens. In developed countries, there are two age peaks younger than 1 year of age and 15 to 44 years of age. There is a mild male predominance among infected persons. The reason for this distinct age and sex distribution remains unknown. The epidemiology of Campylobacter infections is quite different in developing countries Campylobacter diarrhea is primarily a pediatric disease in developing countries. 

Events involving deliberate or accidental distribution of bacterial pathogens into our everyday environment have clearly defined the need for a sensitive, specific, and rapid method of bacterial detection. Bioterrorism was first introduced in the United States in 1984 with the Salmonella typhimurium attack in The Dalles, Oregon, by a cult group attempting to affect a local election.1 As a result of this act 751 people contracted salmonellosis, which totally overwhelmed the hospitals and medical clinics with patients. Later our society became keenly aware of the potential of bioterrorism during the last four months of 2001 when Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spores were sent through the US mail in an envelope to several locations. These events had... 

The majority of Fur-regulated gene products are involved in iron uptake. Genes for transport and biosynthesis of enterobactin have been studied in E. coli K-12 (Earhart, 1996). It is assumed that this system is found in nearly every E. coli strain. Also the ferrichrome transport system seems to have a very broad distribution. The ferric citrate transport system (fee), however, is only present in some E. coli strains and may be part of a pathogenicity island. The aerobactin and yersiniabactin biosynthesis and transport systems are not found in all E. coli strains and are integrated into pathogenicity islands (Schubert et al., 1999). The ability to utilize haem seems also to be a specific pathogenicity-related adaptation. Haem transport systems are used in the animal or human host, where transferrin and lactoferrin create an iron-poor environment for bacteria. 

It is a bacterial pathogen that causes common wilt. There are live races of Ralstonia solanacearum with different hosts and geographic distributions. Race 3 is found worldwide except in the United States and Canada. 

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