Distinguish human interaction

Development of this sensor was based on a concept very different from that of conventional chemical sensors, which selectively detect specific chemical substances such as glucose or urea. However, taste cannot be measured in those terms even if all the chemical substances contained in foodstuffs are measured. Humans do not distinguish each chemical substance, but express the taste in itself the relationship between chemical substances and taste is not clear. It is also not practical to arrange so many chemical sensors with respect to the number of chemical substances, which amounts to over 1000 in one kind of foodstuff. Moreover, there exist interactions between taste substances, such as the synergistic effect or the suppression effect. A taste sensor should measure these effects the intention is not to measure the amount of each chemical substance but to measure the taste itself, and to express it quantitatively. The recently developed sensor satisfies this request. In fact, this sensor could detect the interactions between saltiness and sourness. 

Human exposure refers to the individual contact (not uptake) with a pollutant concentration. It is, then, important to distinguish between concentration and exposure. According to Sexton and Ryan [9] concentration is a physical characteristic of the environment at a certain place and time (amount of material per unit volume of air), while the term exposure stands for the interaction between the environment and a living subject. For exposure to take place two events need to occur simultaneously pollution concentration at a particular time and place, and the presence of a person in that same place and time. Thus exposure has the dimension of (mass) x (time)/(volume) . 

Heat and work can be distinguished in terms of random molecular motion versus directed or coordinated motion. In muscle cells, from organisms as simple as yeast to those as complex as humans, the hydrolysis of ATP provides the driving force for the interactions and conformation of two cellular proteins, myosin and actin. Conformational changes associated with the binding and release of ATP and ADP provide the means by which a coordinated movement of these muscle cells is possible to do mechanical work. 

In the phosphorylation assay, we used 33P-ATP to radiolabel those elements of the array that were substrates for the relevant kinase the arrays were then read using a phosphorimager (6). We have also shown that by manipulating the experimental conditions in array-based protein-protein interaction assays, we can readily distinguish true from false positives. For example, we studied the interaction of calmodulin with a diverse array of human proteins in the presence and absence of calcium (2+) ions. Because calmodulin binding should be calcium dependent, we were able to deduce true from false positives based on the array data (Fig. 11) (unpublished data). 

Koley AP, Buters JTM, Robinson RC, et al. CO Binding kinetics of human cytochrome-P450 3A4-specific interaction of substrates with kinetically distinguishable conformers. J Biol Chem 1995 270 5014-5018. 

Because natural uranium produces very little radioactivity per mass of uranium, the renal and respiratory effects from exposure of humans and animals to uranium are usually attributed to the chemical properties of uranium. However, in exposures to more radioactive uranium isotopes (e.g., and and naturally occurring and U), it has been suggested that the chemical and radiological toxicity may be additive or may potentiate in some instances. In these instances, this dual mode of uranium toxicity may not be distinguishable by end point because of the overlap of etiology and manifested effects. The mechanism of this interaction is as yet unclear. 

The ability to discriminate different molecules constitutes a criterion for olfaction. Because, as mentioned, anosmic persons can tell some pairs of odors apart based on nonolfactory cues, an experimenter must choose with care the compounds for study. 3-Phenethyl alcohol has an odor that many people find reminiscent of roses, and vapors from dilute solutions are widely accepted as an olfactory stimulus that does not interact with other chemosensory modalities in humans (Betcher Doty, 1998). Consider a human subject who can detect J3-phenethyl alcohol with the same sensitivity as nor-mosraics and can also detect -butanol (another alcohol often used for testing olfactory sensitivity (Hummel et al., 1997), which has an odor very different from that of P-phenethyl alcohol) with normal acuity. Suppose this subject cannot distinguish the two odors. How can an experimenter assess whether the subject exhibits the sense called olfaction ... 

---