Petroleum, distillation

As stated above for the TBP distillation, petroleum cannot be heated above 340°C without its molecules starting to crack. Because of this, analytical distillation of heavy fractions is done according to the ASTM D 1160 method for petroleum materials that can be partially or completely vaporized at a maximum temperature of 400°C at pressures from 50 to 1 mm of mercury (6.55 to 0.133 kPa). 

Chemist Benjamin Silliman, of New Haven, Connecticut, obtains valuable products by distilling petroleum. They include tar, gasoline, and various solvents. 

The submitters mixed active anhydrous silica gel with water (12% v>/w) and stored it in a sealed container for at least 24 hours prior to use. A ratio of 60-80 g. of silica gel per gram of crude product was used for column chromatographic separations, and a column was chosen that would give a 10 1 height diameter ratio of adsorbent. Columns were wet-packed with distilled petroleum ether (b.p. 60-68c), and after the crude product had been applied a step-gradient was run rapidly through 2% vjv ether in petroleum ether, 5% ether, and 10% ether. The column was then eluted with 20% vjv ether in petroleum ether until the bromohydrin acetate was obtained. 

Distillates (petroleum), chemically neutralized heavy paraffinic... 

Distillates (petroleum), hydrodesulphurized intermediate catalytic cracked Distillates (petroleum), hydrodesulphurized heavy catalytic cracked... 

Each fraction of distilled petroleum still contains a complex mixture of chemicals but they can be somewhat categorized. A certain sample of straight-run gasoline (light naphtha) might contain nearly 30 aliphatic, noncyclic hydrocarbons, nearly 20 cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons (mainly cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes) sometimes called naphthenes, and 20 aromatic compounds. 

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