Displaced children

Social work shares the aim of mental health disciplines to inform intervention that ameliorates the situation of displaced children. The ways in which this may be achieved are various and while social work scholars have often engaged with traumatic experience, the focus is also upon the challenges of resettlement and integration. These are explored at both a practical level and in non-material terms such as in relation to children s sense of identify (Fantino and Colak 2001 ... 

Researchers undertaking ethnographic study of children in settings of forced migration have not always taken great account of the immediate agendas of practitioners and policymakers. However, their work can have considerable implications for the ways in which displaced children and their needs are conceptualized by those seeking to assist them. 

A notable example of this are studies that examine how the young may be rendered vulnerable by specific circumstances and processes (e.g. de Berry 2004). These studies call attention to the importance of agencies engaging with, for example, discriminatory attitudes and practices, lack of or inappropriate services, and poor governance in order to reduce the risk to displaced children, rather than assuming that vulnerability to harm is an inherent and inevitable property of the young. 

Hart, J. (2008) Displaced Children s Participation in Political Violence Towards Greater Understanding of Mobilisation. Conflict, Security Development (8)3 277-93. 

The treatment of thallium poisoning is rather ingenious. It takes three forms diuretics eliminate thallium through increased urine production Prussian blue dye traps thallium excreted into the gut, preventing its reabsorption and potassium chloride supplements displace the thallium that has already been absorbed into the tissues. These measures allowed the unfortunate child from Qatar to make a complete recovery. 

For energies below the dissociation threshold we can use various coordinate systems to solve the nuclear Schrodinger equation (2.32). If the displacement from equilibrium is small, normal coordinates are most appropriate (Wilson, Decius, and, Cross 1955 ch.2 Weissbluth 1978 ch.27 Daudel et al. 1983 ch.7 Atkins 1983 ch.ll). However, if the vibrational amplitudes increase so-called local coordinates become more advantageous (Child and Halonen 1984 Child 1985 Halonen 1989). Eventually, the molecular vibration becomes unbound and the molecule dissociates. Under such circumstances, Jacobi or so-called scattering coordinates are the most suitable coordinates they facilitate the definition of the boundary conditions of the continuum wavefunctions at infinite distances which we need to determine scattering or dissociation cross sections (Child 1991 ch.l0). Normal coordinates become less and less appropriate if the vibrational amplitudes increase they are completely impractical for the description of unbound motion in the continuum. 

As of 17 August 2001 there were 23 reported cases (22 adults and 1 child) out of 825 000 patients. Symptoms typically occur within the first month of therapy, and the patients report acutely reduced visual acuity and/or ocular pain. There is myopia, redness, swelling of the anterior chamber, and raised ocular pressure, with or without pupil dilatation. Supraciliary effusion can displace the lens and iris anteriorly, secondarily causing angle-closure glaucoma. The symptoms are reversible if topiramate is withdrawn. Acute myopia has been described as a rare idiosyncratic reaction to other sulfonamides. It has been postulated that the pathogenic mechanism is related to partial inhibition of carbonic anhydrase and to ciliary body swelling. 

Brittle fault zones comprise discrete slip surface(s) and fault rocks. There is a general positive correlation between fault displacement and the thickness and complexity of the fault zones (Robertson, 1983 Hull, 1988). Complex fault zones generally comprise multiple slip surfaces or zones of intense shear (Childs et al., 1996). The simplest and most common multi-slip fault zones observed in outcrop are structures with two discrete bounding slip surfaces, enclosing fault rock which may vary from intensely deformed to virtually undeformed (Koestler and Ehrmann, 1991 Childs et al., 1996). Where sufficient data are available, areas of a fault zone with the paired slip surface geometry can be seen to alternate with areas with a... 

Huggins, P., Watterson, J., Walsh, J.J. and Childs, C. 1995. Relay zone geometry and displacement transfer between normal faults recorded in coal-mine plans. J. Struct. Geol., 17 1741-1755. 

Fig. 3. Behavior of the positional and spinal parameters in a 9-year old child with dysplastic spondylolisthesis tremendous changes of the positional parameters, but also of the entire spinal parameters with flattening of the lumbar lordosis and the thoracic kyphosis, including displacement of the gravityline anterior to the center of the femoral head...

Estimation of the age of a fracture by this criterion is very difficult because initial deformity, the volume of callus produced and the age of the child are major variables. In the young infant with a stable undisplaced fracture, the remodelling process may be complete at 3 months, while the older child with an angular deformity or a markedly displaced fracture may continue to remodel for up to 2 years. 

This group includes fractures of the pubic rami or symphysis, because of the elasticity of the child s pelvis, significant displacement can occur without damage to the posterior elements of the pelvic ring (Fig. 12.20). 

Non-displaced fractures maybe less symptomatic and in certain circumstances, the child may even be able to walk. 

Cervico-trochanteric is the second most common type of hip fracture in a child and is the result of severe trauma. Osteonecrosis, premature physeal closure and coxa vara can occur following type 3 fractures, particularly if there is some displacement, although these complications are less common than in type 1 and 2 injuries (Beaty 2006 Moon and Mehlman 2006 Shrader et al. 2007). 

Pandey R, McNally E, Ali A, Bulstrode C (1998) The role of MRl in the diagnosis of occult hip fracture. Injury 29 61-63 Ratliff AHC (1970) Fractures of the neck of the femur in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 44 528 Salisbury RD, Eastwood DM (2000) Traumatic dislocation of the hip in children. Clin Orthop 377 106-111 Scheerlinck T, DeBoeck H (1998) Bilateral stress fractures of the femoral neck complicated by unilateral displacement in a child. J Pediatr Orthop B 7 246-248 Seeger LL, Hall TR (1990) Magnetic resonance imaging of paediatric musculoskeletal trauma. Top Mag Res Imaging 3 61-72... 

Complications from these injuries are directly related to the severity of the deforming force. This dictates the fracture pattern, the degree of displacement and the associated soft tissue injuries. Age of the child and the rate and accuracy of the fracture reduction and stabilisation are also important factors. The radiographic signs of premature closure usually become apparent 6 months after the injury. 

Peterson CA, Peterson HA (1972) Analysis ofthe incidence of injuries to the epiphyseal growth plate. J Trauma 12 275-281 Powell H (1961) Extra centre of ossification for the medial malleolus in children. J Bone Joint Surg 43B 107-113 Rammelt S, Zwipp H, Gavlik JM (2000) Avascular necrosis after minimally displaced talus fracture in a child. Foot Ankle Int 21 1030-1036... 

Non-operative treatment for shaft fractures usually suffices (Fig. 16.7), comprising a weight bearing cast for 3-6 weeks until asymptomatic. Displacement in the coronal plane is normally acceptable but significant displacement in the sagittal plane may require reduction and K-wire fixation in the older child. 

Extensor hood central slip avulsion fractures are rare, and are visualised as tiny bony avulsions from the dorsal surface of the epiphysis at the hase of the middle phalanx. Displaced bony fragments require internal fixation. Bison s test (Elson 1986) will demonstrate central slip integrity. If the extensor slip is ruptured, the child will be unable to extend the PIPJ of the injured finger if the MCPJs are flexed to 90 degrees over the edge of a table. 

Ravallion, Martin, and Quentin Wodon. 2000. Does Child Labor Displace Schoohng Evidence on Behavioral Responses to an Enrollment Study. Economic Journal 110 (March) C158-C176. 

Phytosterols have been reported to reduce semm cholesterol concentrations by competitively blocking cholesterol absorption from the intestinal lumen (Heinemann et al, 1986, 1993), by displacing cholesterol from bile salt micelles (Child and Kuksis, 1986), by increasing bile salt excretion (Salen et al, 1970), or by hindering the cholesterol esterification rate in the intestinal mucosa (Child and Kuksis, 1983 Ikeda and Sugano, 1983). Ikeda et al (1988) also showed that the only site of action was the binding of sterols to micelles. As mentioned above, although many studies have been conducted, the precise mechanism of the inhibitory effect of phytosterols on cholesterol absorption in the intestine is not fully understood. 

Achvarina, V., and Reich, S. (2006) No Place to Hide Refugees, Displaced Persons, and the Recruitment of Child Soldiers. International Security 31(1) 127-64. 

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