Dispersions additivity

Detergent and dispersant additives sulfonates, thiophosphonates, phenates, salicylates more or less overbased, succinimides. 

The introduction of monomers containing polar groups such as tertiary amines, imidazoles, pyrrolidones, pyridines, etc., gives the polymer dispersant properties that will be discussed in the article on dispersant additives for lubricants. 

Detergent and dispersant additives are used in concentrations between 5 and 15 weight per cent. 

Polymers for improving the viscosity index of the copolymethacrylate type can be made into dispersants by copolymerization with a nitrogen monomer. The utilization of these copoiymers allows the quantity of dispersant additives in the formulation to be reduced. 

Dispersibility. Pigments modified with a dispersion additive take less time and energy to disperse in a coating (12,44). The equipment for blunging is simpler and less expensive than bah. mihs. Color correction is simplified and settling is minimized. Color strength in letdowns is often improved... 

The relatively low pX values seen for the benzoyl acetanilides, especiaHy as two-equivalent couplers, minimize concerns over slow ionization rates and contribute to the couplers overaH reactivity. But this same property often results in slow reprotonation in the acidic bleach, where developer carried over from the previous step can be oxidized and react with the stiH ionized coupler to produce unwanted dye in a nonimage related fashion. This problem can be eliminated by an acidic stop bath between the developer and the bleach steps or minimized by careful choice of coupling-off group, coupler solvent, or dispersion additives. 

Internal surfactants, i.e., surfactants that are incorporated into the backbone of the polymer, are commonly used in PUD s. These surfactants can be augmented by external surfactants, especially anionic and nonionic surfactants, which are commonly used in emulsion polymerization. Great attention should be paid to the amount and type of surfactant used to stabilize urethane dispersions. Internal or external surfactants for one-component PUD s are usually added at the minimum levels needed to get good stability of the dispersion. Additional amounts beyond this minimum can cause problems with the end use of the PUD adhesive. At best, additional surfactant can cause moisture sensitivity problems with the PUD adhesive, due to the hydrophilic nature of the surfactant. Problems can be caused by excess (or the wrong type of) surfactants in the interphase region of the adhesive, affecting the ability to bond. 

Dispersant addition Adding Hydromatrix, celite, sand or glass beads... 

Core Al solid/liquid, pure/solution (or dispersion) + additives (solvent, emulsifier,...)... 

Along with moving and shaping the molten material, extruders also act to disperse additives and are often the agent for creating heat, thus enabling the material to become molten. 

The amount of carbon present in fuel components can be correlated with a tendency to form deposits in fuel systems. Although the use of various detergent and dispersant additives helps to minimize deposit formation, the carbon residue value is still quite useful. 

In subsequent investigations by Loper et aL (1) and Mathur et al. (2) oil dispersant additives were prepared by reacting the step 1 product with triethylenetetra-mine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, and bis-aminopropyl piperazine. 

In order to develop a reproducible manufacturing process, attention must be given to particular instructions and screening procedures. For instance, excipients should be free of lumps and proper screening will aid raw material dispersion. Additionally, one should specify the size and design of containers and all equipment to be used. 

IFP dispersant additives IFP dispersant additives IFP dispersant additives IFP dispersant additives IFP dispersant additives Polymeric surfactants Alkylarylsulfonates Alkyl glucosides TBAB, a QAS TPAB, a QAS... 

The typical detergent-dispersant additives used in modem lubricating oils are metallic detergents/sulfonates, phenolates, phosphonates, salicylates, ashless dispersants/succinimides and benzylamines. Water is solubilized by strong ion-dipole interactions. The solubilization of water (Watanabe, 1970) by hydrogen bond formation with succinimides and the amount solubilized is smaller than that solubilized by sulfonates. 

Are there critical maximum distances between adjacent dispersed additive cites, above which the additives are not effective Discuss, with example(s). 

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