Disorder temporal

Mental Retardation Paranoid Disorder Postconcussion Syndrome Schizophrenia Substance use disorders Temporal lobe epilepsy... 

Since 1967 only a small number of studies in India have documented the changes in iodine kinetics in normal subjects without any thyroid disorder. Temporally the changes can be related to the change in iodine intake in... 

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Severe psychiatric mood disorder with marked affective symptoms causing significant interference in work or relationships that is temporally associated with the luteal phase and not caused by an underlying psychiatric disturbance. 

CNS disorders (brain tumor, strokes, head injuries, subdural hematoma, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, temporal lobe seizures, Huntington s disease)... 

Frontotemporal dementia involves an early and primary degenerative process of frontal and/or temporal cortex. Several disorders fall under this rubric, such as Pick s disease and the dementia associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a degenerative disease of upper motor neurons that is sometimes accompanied by a frontal lobe dementia (Vercelletto et al. 1999 Abe et al. 1997). ALS has been associated with mutations in the free radical scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (Price et al. 1997). Pick s disease is associated histologically with a loss of neurons and cytoplasmic Pick bodies in surviving neurons. 

Frontotemporal dementias are characterized by gross structural changes in the frontal and anterior temporal lobes, metabolic disturbances, and involvement of certain subcortical structures as well (Ishii et al. 1998). Whereas in Alzheimer s disease the early cognitive disturbances are in memory, in frontotemporal dementias the early manifestations are in executive and behavioral function (Pfeffer et al. 1999 Varma et al. 1999). This relative cognitive distinction persists throughout the course of the two disorders (Pachana et al. 1996). Disinhibition and disorganization are common, and psychotic symptoms may be prominent in frontotemporal dementia. 

The first line is known as the Shannon-McMUlan-Breiman theorem [1], the second is its extension for stationary states which are not time-reversal symmetric. The entropy per unit time h characterizes the dynamical randomness of the process. The faster the decay of the path probabilities, the larger the proliferation of these paths as time increases. Therefore, the larger the entropy per unit time h, the higher the temporal disorder of the time evolution. The time-reversed entropy per unit time characterizes the decay of the time reversals of the typical paths in a similar way, and it thus characterizes the dynamical randomness of the backward paths. 

The property (105) means that, in a nonequihbrium steady state, the probabilities of the typical paths decay more slowly than the probabilities of their time reversals (see Fig. 15). In this sense, the temporal disorder is smaller for typical paths than for their time reversal. We thus have the following... 

It is remarkable that this ordering phenomenon appears if we consider the evolution of the process as a movie, looking for regularities in the sequence of pictures. The temporal ordering is compatible with Boltzmann s interpretation of the second law according to which spatial disorder increases with time. In a sense, the temporal ordering is possible at the expense of spatial disorder. 

It is most remarkable that the entropy production in a nonequilibrium steady state is directly related to the time asymmetry in the dynamical randomness of nonequilibrium fluctuations. The entropy production turns out to be the difference in the amounts of temporal disorder between the backward and forward paths or histories. In nonequilibrium steady states, the temporal disorder of the time reversals is larger than the temporal disorder h of the paths themselves. This is expressed by the principle of temporal ordering, according to which the typical paths are more ordered than their corresponding time reversals in nonequilibrium steady states. This principle is proved with nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and is a corollary of the second law of thermodynamics. Temporal ordering is possible out of equilibrium because of the increase of spatial disorder. There is thus no contradiction with Boltzmann s interpretation of the second law. Contrary to Boltzmann s interpretation, which deals with disorder in space at a fixed time, the principle of temporal ordering is concerned by order or disorder along the time axis, in the sequence of pictures of the nonequilibrium process filmed as a movie. The emphasis of the dynamical aspects is a recent trend that finds its roots in Shannon s information theory and modem dynamical systems theory. This can explain why we had to wait the last decade before these dynamical aspects of the second law were discovered. 

The concept of bradyphrenia overlaps with that of apathy, defined as diminished motivation not attributable to diminished level of consciousness, cognitive impairment or emotional distress (Marin, 1990). Apathy is common in neurodegenerative disorders and is associated with orbito-frontal, medial frontal and anterior temporal dysfunction in Alzheimer s disease (Craig et al., 1996). Apathy is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD, and correlates with executive dysfunction (Aarsland, 1999b). However, apathy is even more common in PSP patients (Aarsland et al., 2001c), possibly related to the more marked involvement of the orbitofrontal and medial frontal circuits in PSP than in PD. 

One of the few studies directly identifying an abnormality in dopamine neurotransmitter in schizophrenia demonstrated a lateralised, left hemisphere, elevation in the amygdala (Reynolds, 1983), which added to the evidence for the view of schizophrenia as a left temporal lobe disorder. This elevation is not, however, interpreted as a primary pathology it seems likely that it reflects a dysfunction or dehcit in the neuronal systems controlling dopaminergic activity, and a correlation with diminished levels of a marker for GABA support this interpretation (Reynolds et ah, 1990). 

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