Disintegrates for tablet

Gebre-Mariam, T. Schmidt, P.C. (1996b) Characterization of Enset starch and its use as a binder and disintegrant for tablets, Pharmazie, 51, 303-11. 

Water uptake has been implicated as a mechanism of action for tablet disintegrants. Khan and Rhodes studied the adsorption and absorption properties of various disintegrants [56]. They concluded that the... 

FW Goodhart, RH McCoy, FC Ninger. New in vitro disintegration and dissolution test method for tablets and capsules. J Pharm Sci 62 304-310, 1973. 

The ability of a disintegrant to draw water into the porous network of a tablet is essential for effective disintegration. For crospovidone, water wieking has been thought to be the main meehanism of disintegration. Komblum and Stoopak [5] ob-... 

Although water penetration is a neeessary first step for disintegration, swelling is probably the most widely aceepted mechanism of action for tablet disintegrants. Indeed, most disintegrants do swell to some extent, but the variability of this property between disintegrants reduces its plausibility as a sole meehanism. 

To motivate the response surface approach, suppose that there is some response of interest (for example, crushing strength in the tablet formulation example of Section 2.1.1), and a set of quantitative, continuous design variables that are of interest to the researcher (for example, the quantities of glidant, lactose, and disintegrant for the tablet formulation example). One possible objective for the researcher might be to understand and describe the relationship between the design variables and the response. This relationship can be described mathematically by... 

It was demonstrated that dimensional analysis of the tableting process can produce a scientifically reliable way of predicting tablet properties across the range of materials and with diverse compaction mechanisms. A theoretically sound scale-up method is thus readily available for tableting equipment of different capacity. The method can be readily expanded to include other materials and tablet presses and other target quantities, such as tablet stability (disintegration) and bioavailability (dissolution). 

In the pharmaceutical industry, ion-exchange resins are used for drug stabilization and as aids for tablet disintegration. Ion exchangers are also used for taste masking, for sustained-release products, as topical products for application to skin, and for ophthalmic or nasal delivery.4... 

Starch is widely used in the food industry, and finds considerable applications in medicine. Its absorbent properties make it ideal for dusting powders, and its ability to swell in water makes it a valuable formulation aid, being the basis for tablet disintegrants. Soluble starch is obtained by partial acid hydrolysis, and is completely soluble in hot water. 

Crospovidone, which is slightly cross-linked with bifunctional monomers (e.g., l-vinyl-3-ethylidenepyrrolidone, ethylene-bis-3-(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone), is obtained by popcorn polymerization. It has been used as a disintegration agent for tablets. 

Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) is purified partially depolymerized cellulose, prepared by treating a-cellulose with mineral acids. In addition to being used as a filler, it is also used as dry binder and disintegrant in tablet formulations. Depending on the preparation conditions, it can be produced with a variety of technical specifications depending on particle size and crystallinity. It is often used as an excipient in direct compression formulations but can also be incorporated as a diluent for tablets prepared by wet granulation, as a filler for capsules and for the production of spheres. 

For tablets and capsules, excipients are needed both for the facilitation of the tableting and capsule-filling process (e.g., glidants) and for the formulation (e.g., disintegrants). Except for diluents, which may be present in large quantity, the level of excipient use is usually limited to only a few percent and some lubricants will be required at <1%. Details of the types, uses, and mechanisms of action of various excipients for tablet and capsule production have been discussed at length in other articles in this encyclopedia. The types and functions of excipients for tablet production are summarized in Table 1. Although binders. 

Bertoni, M. Ferrari, F. Bonferoni, M.C. Rossi, S. Caramella, C. Functionality tests for tablet disintegrants the case of sodium carboxymethylcelluloses. Pharm. Technol. Eur. 1995, 7, 17-24. 

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