Discussion of the Literature

The divalent state of scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum is thermodynamically unstable and has only deen detected in certain host lattices. The available data are given in Table XIX. Hochli and Estle 344, 345) observed Sc hyperfine structure (h.f.s.) together with nine lines attribut- 

Only two of the naturally occurring isotopes of titanium have nonzero nuclear spin Ti with / = f (7.75%) and Ti with / = f (5.51%). Hyperfine spectra in solution will thus consist of a strong central line I = 0) flanked by a sextet (/ = f) and an octet (7 = f) state superimposed on each other since is nearly the same for both nuclei. The spectrum will thus consist of a series of lines of approximate relative intensities 1 3 3 3 120 3 3 3 1. A typical spectrum is shown in Fig. 

Titanium h.f.s. are resolved (500) at 77°K in Ti + doped Al(acac)8. The symmetry here is and the large trigonal distortion (S = 2000-4000 cm ) increases the spin-lattice relaxation time so that resonance is observed at 77°K. The electron is in the a- d 2) orbital in contrast with most other cl ions. Titanium h.f.s. are observed on the F-center line in H2-reduced BaTiOs 664). 

There are numerous reports of ESR signals from organotitanium compounds and from Ziegler-type catalysts. Hyperfine structure from Ti is observed 173) from electrochemically reduced Cp2TiCl2 and Cp2Ti(TDT), where the paramagnetic species are thought to be 

Solutions of (Cp2TiCl)2, Cp2TiC2H5, CpTiCl2, and Cp2Ti+ all give spectra with a single broad line with no h.f.s. 59, 134, 257, 534). The product of the reaction between Cp2TiCl2 and aluminum alkyls usually 

The TD approach outlined in Sect. 5.2.2 has been applied to interpret the nuclear quadrupole tensor, QN, Since QN is nearly axial, the it population has been approximated by 7t — ( 72 + J3)/2 = . Assuming a — 1.2 and e2qoQ/h = -8 MHz, the occupancy of the lone pair nitrogen orbital was found to be ( = 1.6. The quadrupole coupling is 

Coordination of water molecules at the axial positions of copper compounds (Cu(Ox)2 in Zn(Ox)2 2H20 and Cu(pic)2 in Zn(pic)2 4H20) weakens the metal-ligand interactions in the complex plane. This trend is also reflected in an increase A of the lone pair orbital population , which amounts to A/[Cu(Ox)2] = f [Zn(Ox)2 2H20] - [PHI] = 0.12 and A/[Cu(pic)2] = f[Zn(pic)2 4H20] - /[PHA] = 0.20 electrons, respectively. 

An EPR and ENDOR investigation of the planar copper complex 63Cu(sal)2 (Fig. 30) substituted into a single crystal of Ni(sal)2 has been reported by Schweiger et al.62,65). The aim of this work was to determine the structure of the internal H-bond occuring in Cu(sal)2, and to draw a detailed picture of the unpaired electron distribution on the 

Proton ENDOR. For the assignment of the proton hfs tensors to corresponding protons in the Cu(sal)2 molecule (Fig. 30) or in the Ni(sal)2 host, the point-dipole formula (5.6) was applied. By symmetry arguments, one of the principal axes of the coupling tensors of the protons belonging to the planar Cu(sal)2 compound has to lie normal to the complex plane. Indeed, the coupling tensors of H11, H15 and H16 are found to behave in this 

No information about the structure of the fragment 01-H16-0 2 is available from X-ray data. In particular, it is not known whether this structure is linear, bent, symmetric 

Normal to the complex plane Largest principal axis along A In the complex plane Proton in position 2 (see Fig. 29) 

Hie TD approach outlined in Sect. 5.2.2 has been applied to interpret the nuclear quadrupole tensor, Q. Since is nearly axial, the it population has been approximated 

An EPR and ENDOR investigation of the planar copper complex Cu(sal)2 (Fig. 30) substituted into a single crystal of Ni(sal)2 has been reported by Schweiger et al. The 

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It is useful to arrange a discussion of the literature concerning acid hydrolysis by type of substrate, and then to subdivide by type of acid used for a substrate, even though this may mean some overlap. It should also be kept in mind that many of the references for cleavage of glycosidic... 

Covers a wide range of topics. The level is sometimes quite advanced. Critical discussions of the literature. Of similar ilk to Jensen, below. 

Contents Introduction. - ENDOR-Instrumentation. - Analysis of ENDOR Spectra. - Advances ENDOR Techniques. - Interpretation of Hyperfine and Quadrupole Data. - Discussion of the Literature. - Concluding Remarks. - Appendix A Abbreviations Used in this Paper. - Appendix B Second Order ENDOR Frequencies. - Appendix C Relations Between Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling Constants in Different Expressions of Hq (Sect.5.2). - References. - Subject Index. 

The alkylation of nitriles has been developed as a general method for the preparation of substituted acetonitriles. An excellent discussion of the literature to 1937 has been given. The procedure consists in treating a nitrile in an inert solvent with finely divided sodium amide and the halogenated compound, followed by careful hydrolysis with water. Common solvents are ether, benzene, toluene, or liquid ammonia. Mono-, di-, and tri-alkylated products are possible, as shown by the alkylation of acetonitrile with ethyl bromide however, the mixtures can often be separated by fractional distillation. 

As in the case of other aspects of the literature of the food industries, the journal sources are very widespread. They will be considered with certain of the sub-topics. Some have already been mentioned in connection with the discussion of the literature on the composition of foods. 

In limiting this paper to the discussion of the literature of canning and preserving, the most obvious sources, the commonly used handbooks, encyclopedias, etc., which are found in most technical libraries have been omitted. It has been necessary to limit even those references which, while not strictly a part of canning, are indispensable to the literature of the field. There are many references on foods, composition of foods, agricultural chemistry, and analytical methods which are used constantly A list of some of the more commonly used tools is presented in the bibliography of this paper. 

VIII. Discussion of the Literature A. Ions Ions Ions d Ions... 

Pure and simple competition has a strong tendency to result in the exclusion of one of the competitors, and various attempts to formulate a competitive exclusion principle have appeared in the literature. One such formulation, which is supported by many experiments as well as by the predictions of mathematical models, is that pure and simple competitors will not coexist indefinitely in a system that is spatially homogeneous and that is subject to time-invariant external influences. For example, the prediction is that pure and simple competitors will not coexist in a well-mixed chemostat having a vanishingly small surface-to-volume ratio (so that the spatial heterogeneity due to the presence of the chemostat walls is negligible) if the dilution rate and temperature of the chemostat, the composition of feed to the chemostat, etc., are all Independent of time. Moreover, the prediction is that not only will the competitors not coexist in a steady state in such a system but that they will not even coexist in a perpetually transient state, such as sustained oscillations of their population densities see Fredrickson and Stephanopoulos (M for a discussion of the literature on these points. 

Dr. Des J. Brown is again to be applauded and profoundly thanked for another fine contribution to the literature of heterocyclic chemistry. This volume on Cirmolines and Phthalazines covers both ring systems for the period 1973—2004, with a comprehensive compilation and discussion of the literature of the 31 years that have elapsed since the Singerman and Patel supplemental review (Volume 27 in this series) on Cinnolines and Phthalazines in 1973. It must be noted with admiration that many of the books in this series that have come to be regarded as classics in heterocyclic chemistry (The Pyrimidines, The Pyrimidines Supplement I, The Pyrimidines Supplement II, Pteridines, Quinazolines Supplement I, The... 

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