Discovery research simplicity

HDO > 5, and HAC > 10, may result in compounds with poor permeability (actively transported compounds and peptides excepted). The Ro5 compliance scheme had a major impact in the pharmaceutical industry due to its simplicity, and was rapidly adopted by lead discovery research teams. 

The fast pace and highly interdisciplinary nature of drug discovery research further requires that these trace/mixture methods accommodate high-throughput analysis formats. Thus, there exists a balance between simplicity and complexity to provide methods that generate data and inspire confidence while maintaining speed. 

These examples of the use of microwave irradiation in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds show the great versatility of this technique, which can be used under a variety of experimental conditions. Even when there is no improvement of yields, or rates, or specificity, the technique is worthwhile owing to its simplicity. It can be foreseen that microwave ovens are going to be among the basic equipment of research laboratories in the near future. Combinatorial and parallel synthesis under the action of microwave irradiation is becoming a powerful tool for discovery of new molecules and should develop very rapidly. 

Many discoveries changed human life in the last fifty years, and the polymerization of olefins catalyzed by transition metals certainly can be considered among them. At first glance, the job requested to polymerization catalysts seems rather trivial. It consists in the enchainment of monomeric units by insertion of olefins into Mt-P (P = Polymeric chain) bonds. Despite its simplicity and the amount of work by many research groups both in the... 

A promising and cleaner route was opened by the discovery of titanium silica-lite-1 (TS-1) [1,2]. Its successful application in the hydroxylation of phenol started a surge of studies on related catalysts. Since then, and mostly in recent years, the preparation of several other zeolites, with different transition metals in their lattice and of different structure, has been claimed [3]. Few of them have been tested for the hydroxylation of benzene and substituted benzenes with hydrogen peroxide. Ongoing research on suppoi ted metals and metal oxides has continued simultaneously. As a result, knowledge in the field of aromatic hydroxylation has experienced major advances in recent years. For the sake of simplicity, the subject matter will be ordered according to four classes of catalyst medium-pore titanium zeolites, large-pore titanium zeolites, other transition metal-substituted molecular sieves, and supported metals and mixed oxides. 

Attractive in its simplicity, yet complex in its behavior, the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor has, for the better part of a century, presented the research community with a rich paradigm for nonlinear dynamics and complexity. The root of complex behavior in this system stems from the combination of its open system feature of maintaining a state far from equilibrium and the nonlinear non-monotonic feedback of various variables on the rate of reaction. Its behavior has been studied under various designs, chemistries and configurations and has exhibited almost every known nonlinear dynamics phenomenon. The polymerization chemistry has especially proven fruitful as concerns complex dynamics in a CSTR, as attested to by the numerous studies reviewed in this chapter. All indications are that this simple paradigm will continue to surprise us with many more complex discoveries to come. 

The dye laser is the most efficient tunable laser. Its qualities of continuous tunability, efficient narrowband operation, wide spectral range and simplicity have made it an indispensible tool in many areas of laser research and applications. Since the discovery of the dye laser this field has progressed rapidly and dye laser technology is now at... 

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