Spatial Delay

The spatial shift of identical spectra, followed by subtraction of the signals, can occur in different manners. The principle of this method can be seen in Fig. 3-5. 

---

Kodama T, Hikosaka K, Watanabe M. 2002. Differential changes in glutamate concentration in the primate prefrontal cortex during spatial delayed alternation and sensory-guided tasks. Exp Brain Res 145(2) 133-141. 

As pointed out hv Scoutland. "The general principles of ultrafast laser experiments are well known. All ultrafast experiments are variants on the pump-probe scheme, in which lime resolution is obtained by spatial delay of a probe pulse relative to the pump, or excitation, pulse (I ps = 3.0 nim)"... 

Suri RE, Schultz W (1999) A neural network model with dopamine-like reinforcement signal that learns a spatial delayed response task. Neuroscience 92 871-890. 

Fig. 4. Spatial delayed performance in rhesus monkeys following chronic treatment with the D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol, and the short-term remediation produced by acute treatment with the Dl receptor agonist ABT 431, as well as the longer term benefit produced by that acute treatment. Adapted from Castner et al. (2000).

Figure 8 Effects of 7 mg kg trimethyltin on delayed alternation performance. Lower accuracy values were evident in TMT-treated rats at all delay values, but no impairment was seen in the zero-second delay condition, consistent with a specific effect on memory function. (Reproduced from Bushnell PJ (1988) Effects of delay, intertrial interval, delay behavior and trimethyltin on spatial delayed response in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 10 237-244, with permission from Elsevier.)...

Deadwyler SA, Bunn T, Hampson RE (1996) Hippocampal ensemble activity during spatial delayed-nonmatch-to-sample performance in rats. J Neurosci 16 354-372... 

RiceDC. 1999a. Effect of exposure to 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) throughout gestation and lactation on development and spatial delayed alternation performance in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 21(l) 59-69. 

Gilbert, S.G., T.M. Burbacher, and D.C. Rice. 1993. Effects of in utero methylmercury exposure on a spatial delayed alternation task in monkeys. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 123(l) 130-6. Gilbert, S.G., D.C. Rice, and T.M. Burbacher. 1996. Fixed intervaFfixed ratio performance in adult monkeys exposed in utero to methylmercury. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 18(5) 539-46. 

The time resolution of the point-by-point and step-scan FTIR approaches is limited by the rise time of the fast IR detector used in the experiment (ca. 10 ns). However, many photochemical and photophysical events take place on the subnanosecond timescale, which require a faster technique. Ultrafast IR spectroscopy is a variant of the pump-probe technique, where time resolution is achieved by spatially delaying the probe pulse with respect to the pump pulse (Figure 5). 

Lee YB, Lee HJ, Won MH, Hwang IK, Kang TC, Lee JY, Nam SY, Kim KS, Kim E, Cheon SH, Sohn HS (2004) Soy isoflavones improve spatial delayed matching-to-place performance and reduce cholinergic neuron loss in elderly male rats. J Nutr 134(7) 1827-1831... 

Rice, D.C., Gilbert, S.G., 1990a. Sensitive periods for lead-induced behavior impairment on a spatial delayed alternation task in monkeys. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103, 364—373. 

The absorption change induced by a pulse of intensity Ip(t) on a test pulse of intensity Ij(t) with the temporal delay between the two pulses (as determined by the variable spatial delay line) is given in our small signal case by ... 

---