Direct impregnation application

A2 Air pressure vessels for truck application manufactured using direct impregnation technique. (Courtesy of COMAT Composite Materials GmbH, Germany.)... 

Controlled cutting and opening of closed carbon systems Direct applications of CNTs (requires 20-100 nm in length) Inner filling and impregnation of CNTs with metal nanoparticles and complexes... 

Because carbon fibers of different diameters are available and because construction parameters can be varied, it is possible to engineer composites having desired characteristics. By varying the orientation, concentration, and type of fiber, materials can be developed for specific applications. The fibers can be layered at different angles to minimize directional differences in properties. Also, layers of fibers can be impregnated with epoxy resin to form sheets that can be shaped prior to polymerization of the resin. 

It was possible to cover additional applications with these new types. In 1951 BASF found it was possible to impregnate polystyrene direct with expanding agents in the suspension process. This opened up great new possibilities for polystyrene foam (STYR0P0R, BASF, 33), for example in the packaging and building fields. 

Fig. 2.21 Square wave voltammograms for alizarin-modified paraffin-impregnated graphite electrodes immersed into 0.50 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) (a) before, and (b) after application of a potential step of —1.50 V during 15 min. Potential initiated at —0.85 V in the positive direction. Potential step increment 4 mV square wave amplitude 25 mV frequency 5 Hz...

Sulfide catalysts have been dispersed directly on the coal surface. Very high dispersion on the catalyst may allow direct interactions between the catalyst and solid coal. The first application of this approach utilized molten chloride as the starting material. Later, oil- and water-soluble iron precursors were impregnated or ion exchanged onto the coal surface through the interaction with oxygen functional groups (56 -60). 

Additions of 1/10 to 2 1/2% of urea to dilute procaine solutions increase materially their potency, to ten times, on direct application to nerve trunks, presumably by favoring penetration. The effect is not due to alkalinization. The action of local anesthetics is reported to be increased by intravenous injection of methylene blue, by the local application of caffeine or theophylline, by morphine, and by the antipyretic analgesics. Cocaine anesthesia is said to be ineffective in tissue impregnated with oxalic acid. Inflamed tissues are less susceptible to local anesthesia, probably because of their difficult penetration. 

For Pt supported on a co-precipitated tin oxide-alumina catalyst, alloy formation occurs to a much smaller extent than it does on a material prepared by impregnation with the chloride complex of the two metals (40,41). Since most commercial catalyst formulations are based on tin-alumina coprecipitated support materials, it appears that the studies using Pt and Sn coimpregnation techniques, while interesting, are not directly applicable to the commercial catalysts. 

One of the simplest methods for applying samples to horizontal gels is to place filter paper strips impregnated with sample directly on the gel surface. Up to 20 /rL of sample solution can be conveniently applied after absorption into 1 cm squares of filter paper. A convenient size for applicator papers is 0.2 X 1 cm, holding 5 /jlL of sample solution. Alternatively, 1-2 fiL samples can be placed directly on the surface of the gel. Some IEF cells have movable cups that can be placed on the gels to aid sample application. 

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