Direct costing setup costs

The compatibility of the chromatographic system with aqueous biological fluids (urine, serum), and the direct analysis of highly polar compounds with no need for hydrolysis and derivatization allow to reduce sample manipulation and the probability of artifact formation/analyte degrada-tion/contamination. In addition, the possibility of carrying out separate LC and MS experiments accounts for rapid and cost-effective method development. These features are highly considered in the forensic field where often the analyst is requested to deal with the setup of a method for an unusual analyte or substrate. 

For ex situ thermal desorption in general, 15 to 30 per ton ( 20 to 35 per metric ton) is required for direct operating costs including utilities and repairs. Unit transportation and setup costs typically range from 3 to 5 per ton ( 3.30 to 5.50 per metric ton). Excavation of contaminated soils and replacement of treated soils costs about 5 to 10 per ton ( 6 to 11 per metric ton) (D18527, p. 4)... 

Dhaenens-Flipo and Finke (2001) study a 3-stage, multi-product problem involving multiple plants (each with multiple parallel production lines), multiple warehouses, and multiple customers. The demand for each product in each time period is deterministic and must be satisfied in a JIT fashion. There are a fixed setup cost, variable cost, and setup time for producing a product on each production line. Due to long changeover times, it is restricted that only a small subset of products are allowed to be produced on each production line. Inventory is only allowed at the warehouses. Transportation cost is linear. The model is formulated as a MIP, applied to a real-life problem (the manufacturing of metal items), and solved directly by CPLEX. 

Following the definition of Gunasekaran and Ngai (2005), the MTO and ATO strategies are characterized by a striving for flexibility and cost efficiency. This corresponds directly to a leagile setup of the supply chain (Mason-Jones et al. 2000 Stavrulaki and Davis 2010). Differentiating between ATO and MTO, the... 

Direct labor costs are moderate to high. Highly skilled labor required for manual welding. Setup costs can be high for fabrications using automated welding. 

This chapter has presented the fundamentals, the experimental setups and the applications of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). TPD is widely utilized for characterization of active sites present on the surface of solid materials and determination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of desorption processes. It is a powerful technique, even if it does not provide direct information about molecular nature of adsorbed species. Given its relative simplicity and low cost, this technique will continue to find more applications in the future. 

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