Dinonyl

Compounds of intermediate polarity which possess a polar or polarisable group attached to a large non-polar skeleton, e.g. esters of high-molecular-weight alcohols such as dinonyl phthalate. 

Sulphosuccinates are of particular interest not only for their technical properties but also because structurally they combine the two hydrophile functions described earlier - the sulphonate and carboxylate moieties - in a single molecule (9.18). The sulphosuccinate diesters, however, are probably of greater commercial importance in textile processing than are the monoesters. The most important example is sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate (9.19), but the dinonyl, dimethylamyl and di-isobutyl analogues are also used commercially. As usual, a wide choice of hydrophobes is available and includes alcohols, lightly ethoxylated alcohols, alkanolamides and combinations of these. 

Recently, Porter et al. (1986b, 1988) have reported the synthesis of both meso- and ( )-forms of a series of two-chain carbonyl diacids made by joining two pentadecanoic acid units by a carbonyl group at the 3,3, 6,6, 9,9 and 12,12 positions, 3,5-didodecyl-4-oxoheptanedioic acid (C-15 3,3 ), 6,8-dinonyl-7-oxotridecanedioic acid (C-15 6,6 ), 9,11-dihexyl-10-oxononadecanedioic acid (C-15 9,9 ) and 12,14-dipropyl-13-oxopentacosanedioic acid (C-15 12,12 ), respectively. The diacids were used to probe further the question of stereochemical preference in two-chain amphiphiles. The method used for examining the diastereomeric preference was equilibration by base-catalyzed epimerization in homogeneous, bilayer and micellar media. This method allows for stereoselection based on hydrophobic/hydrophilic considerations rather than classic steric size effects. 

OCTADECYNE OLEIC ACID DIBUTYL SEBACATE DI HEXYL ADIPATE 1-CYCOPENTYLTRIDECANE 1-CYCLOHEXYLDOOECANE 1-OCTADECENE STEARIC ACID n-OCTADECANE DINONYL ETHER 1-OCTADECANOL BUTYL-TETRADECYL-SULFIDE ETHYL-HEXADECYL-SULFIDE HEPTADECYL-HETHYL-SULFIDE NONYL-SULFIDE PENTADECYL-PROPYL-SULFIDE 1-OCTADECANETHIOL NONYL-DISULFIDE 1-n-NONYLNAPHTHALENE n-TRIDECYLBENZENE... 

The ability to conduct radical reactions without the use of tin reagents is important. Allylic triflones have been used to conduct allylation reactions on a range of substrates (39) as a replacement for allyltributylstannane (Scheme 28). The main limitation was that unactivated or trisubstituted triflones failed to undergo reactions. In other nontin radical methods, arenesulfonyl halides have been used as functional initiators in the CuCl/4,4 -dinonyl-2, 2 -bipyridine-catalysed living atom-transfer polymerization of styrenes, methacrylates, and acrylates.The kinetics of initiation and propagation were examined with a range of substituted arylsulfonyl halides with initiator efficiency measured at 100%. 

Mono(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid Dinonyl naphthalene sulfonic acid w-Octane CX5 1.3 ... 

Solvent extraction has become a common technique for the determination of formation constants, P , of aqneons hydrophilic metal complexes of type MX , particularly in the case when the metal is only available in trace concentrations, as the distribntion can easily be measnred with radioactive techniques (see also section 4.15). The method reqnires the formation of an extractable complex of the metal ion, which, in the simplest and most commonly used case, is an nn-charged lipophilic complex of type MA. The metal-organic complex MA serves as a probe for the concentration of metal ions in the aqueous phase through its equilibrium with the free section 4.8.2. This same principle is used in the design of metal selective electrodes (see Chapter 15). Extractants typically used for this purpose are P-diketones like acetylacetone (HAA) or thenoyltrifluoroacteone (TTA), and weak large organic acids like dinonyl naph-talene sulphonic acid (DNNA). 

Fig. 5 Relationship between the amount of graft polymers and Mn of free polymers. The graft polymerization was carried out under various conditions on silicon wafer (squares), silica particles with varying diameter (d = 12, 130, 290, 740, 1550 nm) (circles), and silica monolith with 50-nm mesopores (triangles). Two types of immobilized initiators, 2 and 5 (n = 6 and R" = CH3) in Fig. 2, two types of copper halides, CuBr and CnCl, and two types of ligands, spartein (Sp) and dipyridyl derivatives (4,4 -diheptyl-2,2 -dipyridyl (dHbipy) and 4,4 -dinonyl-2,2 -dipyridyl (dNbipy)), were used...

Shen et al. have reported studies on procaine-selective electrodes embodying PVC membranes [57]. Various ion-pair complexes (procaine derivatives with tetraphenylborate, dipicrylamine, tetraiodomecurate, and reineckate) were incorporated into platinized PVC membranes, and with dinonyl phthalate as the solvent mediator, formed procaine selective electrodes. The efficiency and performance of these were compared, and it was found that procaine picrylamine and procaine tetraphenylborate were the best electroactive materials. The procaine picrylamine electrode exhibited a Nemstian response over the range 10 pM to 0.1 M, and was used as the indicator electrode for the potentiometric determination of procaine. The method recovery was found to be 99.8%, with a standard deviation of 0.9%. 

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