Succinic acid, 2,3-Dihydroxy

L-tartaric acid, CXIII). This result establishes the position of the double bond between C4 and C5 and demonstrates that C4 carries only one hydrogen atom while C5 has attached to it the enolic hydroxyl group. Treatment of the enol CXI with ethereal diazomethane gives 5-methyl-A4-D-glucosaccharo-3,6-lactone methyl ester (CXIY) which upon further methylation with silver oxide and methyl iodide yields 2,5-dimethyl-A4-D-glucosaccharo-3,6-lactone methyl ester (CXV). When the latter is subjected to ozonolysis there is formed oxalic acid and 3-methyl-L-threuronic acid (CXVI). Oxidation of this aldehydic acid (CXYI) with bromine gives rise to a monomethyl derivative (CXVII) of L-ilireo-dihydroxy-succinic acid. 

Symmetrical.—Two formulas are, however, possible for a dihydroxy succinic acid, viz., the symmetrical and the unsymmetrical. 

SYNONYMS Dihydroxy succinic acid 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid ... 

Different a,co-dihydroxy-terminated oligo(propylene succinate)s (SP) were prepared by the thermal polycondensation of excess 1,3-propanediol and succinic acid, as illustrated in the first part of Scheme 9 [4]. The molar ratio of 1,3-propanediol to succinic acid was maintained in the range of 1.05-1.25. The molecular weight of the products depended on the excess 1,3-propanediol used, but it usually ranged between 900 and 2400. The molecular characterization and appearance of some typical samples are given in Table 2. 

There is abundant information to support the contention that the lower-melting monoisopropylidene-mannitol (m. p. 85°) is the 3,4-derivative. For example, its tetrabenzoate is identical with that obtained by acetonation of 1,2,5,6-tetrabenzoyl-mannitol,11498 the structure of which is based on independent evidence.114 The larger fragment resulting from the oxidative scission of the D-enantiomorph of the isopropylidene-man-nitol with lead tetraacetate is 2,3-isopropylidene-D-//treo-dihydroxy-succinic dialdehyde, characterized by its subsequent conversion into D-i/ireo-tartaric acid.126 When methylated and hydrolyzed, the L-enantio-morph of the monoketal affords a tetramethyl-mannitol, which, in turn, yields dimethyl-L-glyceraldehyde with lead tetraacetate.127 Each of these facts is in itself proof that the acetone residue occupies the 3,4-position in the mannitol molecule. 

SYNS BUTANEDIOIC ACID, 2,3-DIHYDROXY- 2,3-DIHYDROSUCCINIC ACID 2,3-DIHYDROXY-BUTANEDIOIC ACID KYSEUNA 2,3-DIHYDROXY-BUTANDIOVA KYSEUNA VINNA MALIC ACID, 3-HYDROXY- SUCCINIC ACID, 2,3-DIHYDROXY- 1-(+)-TARTARJC ACID THREARJC ACID... 

A mixture of 36.2 g. of 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ketone oxime. 3.7 g. of platinum oxide, 19.5 mL. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 750 mL. of butanol is hydrogenated at room temperature until no more hydrogen is absorbed. The mixture is made neutral by the addition of sodium bicarbonate, and about 150 g. of sodium sulphate are added and the mixture is filtered. To the filtrate, a solution of 11.5 g. of succinic-acid in 100 mL. of butanol are added, the solution is concentrated to a volume of about 100 mL. and cooled. The succinate of 1-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-hydroxaminopropane precipitates and is collected and dried. Yield 27 g., m.p. 157—159°C. 

Preparation. The precursor, ll,12-dihydroxy-9,10-quinone (3), has been prepared by two methods, neither of which is very well documented. In one phthalic anhydride is condensed with succinic acid and potassium acetate at 200-220° for 2 hrs. to give a,j8-diphthylidene-ethane (I, ethinediphthalide ), which on treatment with sodium methoxide and methanol, followed by acidification, is isomerized in part to the dihydroxynaphthacenequinone (3, isoethinediphthalide ), and in part to bis-diketohydrindene (2). The yield of the desired (3) is very low. A second... 

Bourbonniere and Meyers (unpublished) hydrolyzed humic substances from Lake Huron sediments with 5N NaOH at 170°C for 12 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere and found the following organic acids -Ci6 and n-Cig monocarboxylic acids lactic acid, 2-hydroxybutanoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-butanoic acid, oxalic acid, and succinic acid. It was proposed that the smaller organic acids were derived from cellulose-related materials. 2-Hy-droxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxy-3-pentenoic acid, and vanillic acid were also observed. It was believed that 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid originated from lignin and that the ratio of 3,4-dihy-droxybutanoic acid to vanillic acid indicates the proportion of cellulose to lignin. The proportion was in the order of fulvic acid > humic acid > humin. 

Chelators that were not at all effective in rodent studies include monosodium glutamate, Tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene-disulfonic acid), DMSA (2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid), succinic acid, malic acid, CaNa2CTDA (cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid), and THPC, a cyclic derivative of EDTA (Kostial et al. 1979 Llobet et al. 1992b Ortega et al. 1989). 

SUCCINIC ACID, 2,3-DIHYDROXY-(87-69-4) C4H4O4 Noncombustible solid. Combustible solid (flash point 410°F/210°C Fire Rating 1). Reacts violently with strong oxidizers, bromine, 90% hydrogen peroxide, phosphorus trichloride, silver powders or dust silver confounds. Mixture with some silver compounds forms explosive salts of silver oxalate. Aqueous solution reacts with bases, ammonia, amines, amides, inorganic hydroxides isocyanates, alkylene oxides, epichlorohydrin. Attacks some metals in the presence of moisture. 

Dihydroxysuccinic acid a,p-Dihydroxysuccinic acid 3-Hydroxymalic acid Malic acid, 3-hydroxy- Succinic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-Tartaric acid (INCI) L-(+)-Tartaric acid Thearic acid... 

Butyric acid, octanoic acid, oleic acid, succinic acid, octadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, tetracosanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, 7-oxooctanoic acid, 3-methyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid, 9,10-dihydroxy-2-decenoic acid, 9,10-dihydroxydodecanoic acid, 9-oxo-2-decenoic acid (9-ODA), 11,12-dihydroxy-2-dodecenoic acid, 13- hydroxy-2-tetradecenoic acid, 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3-methyi-3-hydroxygiutaric acid, 14- hydroxytetradecanoic acid [16] 5,10-Dihydroxydecanoic acid, 8,9-dihydroxydecanoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid, 1,12-dodecanedioic acid, 7-hydroxy-2-octenoic acid, 3,10-dihydroxydodecanoic acid, 8-hydroxy-2-octenoic acid, 2-octene-1,8-dioic acid, 8-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, (Z)-9-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, ( -9-HDA, 3,9-dihydroxydecanoic acid, 8,9-dihydroxydecanoic acid, 10- hydroxy-2-dodecenoic acid, 11- hydroxy-2-dodecenoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid, 1,12-dodecanedioic acid, 10,12-dihydroxydodecanoic acid [16,17]... 

Animals caimot synthesize the naphthoquinone ring of vitamin K, but necessary quantities are obtained by ingestion and from manufacture by intestinal flora. In plants and bacteria, the desired naphthoquinone ring is synthesized from 2-oxoglutaric acid (12) and shikimic acid (13) (71,72). Chorismic acid (14) reacts with a putative succinic semialdehyde TPP anion to form o-succinyl benzoic acid (73,74). In a second step, ortho-succmY benzoic acid is converted to the key intermediate, l,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. Prenylation with phytyl pyrophosphate is followed by decarboxylation and methylation to complete the biosynthesis (75). 

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