Digital Oscilloscopes

A too MHz or higher bandwidth, time-based oscilloscope. The bandwidth is especially needed for switching power supply design. A digital oscilloscope may miss important transients on some of the key waveforms, so evaluate any digital oscilloscope carefully. 

Electrochemical Equipment. Electrochemical experiments were performed using either a PAR Model 175 universal programmer and a PAR Model 363 potentiostat/galvanostat, or a Pine Instruments RDE-4 bipotentiostat, coupled with a Kipp and Zonen BD 91 X-y-y recorder. The current-time response for the chronoamperometry experiments was recorded with a Nicolet 4094 digital oscilloscope. All potentials were measured vs. a Ag/10"2 M Ag+ reference electrode. 

In some experimental arrangements, boxcar integrators are used instead of digital oscilloscopes. The basic operational scheme of a boxcar integrator is shown in Figure 3.26. 

Kitchenham and Stillman, unpublished). EPR spectra were recorded on a Varlam E-12 EPR spectrometer, equipped with a Varlam E-257 temperaiture controller and interfaced to a Nicolet 1180 computer through a Nicholet Explorer III digital oscilloscope. For EPR meausurements, the MPe solutions were tramsf erred to 4 mm o.d tubes, glassed in liquid nitrogen amd... 

All TOF spectra are recorded with a 500-MHz digital oscilloscope (LeCroy) and averaged over several thousand laser shots. Boxcar averagers (Stanford Research) are used to integrate the signal of individual ion mass or electron eneigy peaks in the pump-probe experiments. The data are later corrected for laser fluctuations that are monitored by a photodiode. 

Solutions were flowed through a suprasil flat cell (0.1 mm thickness) at rates between 0.1 - S.O mL/min in order to minimize any interference from signals produced by secondary photolysis of products. Time-resolved polarization evolution profiles for the formation and relaxation of the polarized radicals were measured at a constant magnetic field and monitored by both a Hitachi 40 MHz digital oscilloscope and a Stanford Research Systems gated integrator/boxcar averager at 5 ns resolution, and both coupled to a 486 PC desk-top microcomputer for analysis. 

The ISFETs are connected to a source-drain follower, and the output of this amplifier is connected to a digital oscilloscope. For presentation purposes, the curves are filtered with a software low-pass filter using a cutoff frequency of 40 Hz for elimination of the 50 Hz main supply interference, which has a top-top amplitude of typically 0.2 mV. 

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