Digital organisms

Computer software in the area of artificial life (AL), i.e., digital organisms. 

Richard E. Lenski, Charles Ofria, Travis C. Collier and Christoph Adami, Genome complexity, robustness and genetic interactions in digital organisms, Nature, 400 (1999). 

The transition from a film-based to a completely digital organization cannot be accomplished by merely replacing individual components. In contrast, the whole flow of operations needs reengineering. This affects not only the way individual physicians or radiographers interact with workstations or imaging modalities,but also the overall process of medical cooperation. 

It is not a coincidence that integration, at different levels, is the common theme throughout these sections. Integration simply is a key element in successfully supporting the digital organization. In the... 

The nucleic acids, the molecules of genetic information are digitally organized they consist of chains of four different units (nucleotides). Nucleic acids consist of a sugar phosphate backbone with purine or pyrimidine bases attached to the sugar molecules. The basic element of nucleic acids, called a nucleotide, consists of a phosphate, a sugar, and a base. The bases DNA are purines guanine, adenine, pyrimidines cytosine, and... 

Therapeutic Index, MIC Percent of control Side effects - three-digit Organ weights, body weight... 

Because of its severe approximations, in using the Huckel method (1932) one ignores most of the real problems of molecular orbital theory. This is not because Huckel, a first-rate mathematician, did not see them clearly they were simply beyond the power of primitive mechanical calculators of his day. Huckel theory provided the foundation and stimulus for a generation s research, most notably in organic chemistry. Then, about 1960, digital computers became widely available to the scientific community. 

Country codes in brackets are obsolete ICIREPAT codes. Country codes in parentheses were used by Derwent PubHcations Ltd. prior to the adoption of International Standards Organization (ISO) country codes. The obsolete codes remain on printed records, but have been replaced by current codes in on-line DATABASES. Eor Japanese patents, Derwent replaced the second character of the country code with the first digit of the pubHcation year prior to 1992 this variant of the company code is stiU found in on-line databases and printed pubHcations. 

For the electronic component industry, different types of plastics and processes are extensively used. Not too evident is the high powered action of electronics in the plastic toy industry. The digital revolution has opened up a variety of new applications in smart microprocessor-based toys that use technology in innovative ways. Foremost player is the MIT Media Laboratory s Toys of Tomorrow (TOT) consortium that was organized in April 1998. 

Further subdivision of a five-digit slice utilizes lower-case Roman numerals in parentheses (i), (ii), (iii), etc. It is often found that as a consequence of the organization, cognate material is located in different chapters but in similarly numbered pieces, i.e., in parallel sections. Section numbers, rather than page numbers, are the key by which the material is accessed through the various indexes. 

Several solid materials, such as organics dissolved In plastics (,22,23), phosphors sintered with polytetrafluoroethylene (30), phosphors (31), and lumogen-T (23), have been suggested as calibration standards. But most of the publications suggesting these materials (except Ref. 31) have not Included digital data for the corrected spectra. Additional Information, precautions, and pitfalls to be aware of In the use of various standards have been summarized In Reference 11 and the references cited therein. 

Here the nomenclature is the same as in Sec. 4.4.2 and in addition, Dq is the effective eddy dispersion coefficient for the organic or extract phase (m / s) and Dl is the effective eddy dispersion coefficient for the aqueous or feed phase (m / s). The above equations are difficult to solve analytically (Lo et al., 1983) but are solved with ease, using digital simulation. 

The spatial organization of the cell bodies of the motor neurons follows a proximal-distal rule. Motor neurons that innervate the most proximal muscles (axial muscles of the neck and trunk) lie most medially in the gray matter. Motor neurons innervating the most distal muscles (wrists, ankles, digits) lie most laterally in the gray matter. 

---