Differential entrapment

Figure 5.8 Spill differential entrapment of oil and gas according to Gussow (1954) (top) Leak differential entrapment of oil and gas (bottom) (after Schowalter, 1979. Reprinted by permission of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists).

Gussow, W.C., 1954. Differential entrapment of oil and gas a fundamental principle. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 816-853 Hanor, J.S., 1987a. Kilometre-scale thermohaline overturn of pore waters in the Louisiana Gulf Coast. Nature, Vol. 327, pp.501-503... 

Gussov, W. C. 1954. Differential entrapment of oil and gas, a fundamental principle. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 38, 816-853. 

These are the primary process interactions that the designer must be aware of in order to determine process interference in product performance and design. Specific materials may introduce other problem areas as, for example, air entrapment, differential expansion, and the problem of a level of crystallinity in a crystalline plastic that exceeds the allowed level for stability of a product. 

Differential scanning calorimetry measurements have shown a marked cooling/heat-ing cycle hysteresis and that water entrapped in AOT-reversed micelles is only partially freezable. Moreover, the freezable fraction displays strong supercooling behavior as an effect of the very small size of the aqueous micellar core. The nonfreezable water fraction has been recognized as the water located at the water/surfactant interface engaged in solvation of the surfactant head groups [97,98]. 

Organic acid fluorescence. In a similar manner to trace constituents, such as Mg, Sr and P, concentrations of organic acids present in speleothem calcite are sufficient to observe variation at temporal scales of less than annual in some cases (e.g.. Baker et al. 1993, Shopov et al. 1994). Organic acids (humic and fulvic) are formed in the soil by humification, and transported to the cave void by percolating waters where they are entrapped in precipitating carbonates. Under certain circumstances, where precipitation patterns are strongly seasonal and the nature of vadose percolation is such that seasonal mixing is incomplete, bands with different luminescent intensities can be differentiated after excitation with UV radiation. In other cases, bands are not observable but secular... 

NMR technique. NMR-active metal ions entrapped in the liposome can be differentiated from those outside by the addition of shift reagents such as Dy(III) or Gd(III) to the external phase. Then metal concentrations inside and outside the liposome can be determined directly. This is attractive for i and ions because of high sensitivities and natural abun-... 

Thermogravimetric analysis (heating rate 10°C/min) of PPNA revealed that the polymer was stable to at least 220°C in an N2 atmosphere. (Figure 2) Differential scanning calorimetric measurements (heating rate 10°C/min) on several batches of PPNA indicated that Tg varied between 125-140°C. This variation may be a reflection of the amount of solvent (NMP) entrapped in the... 

Immobilization of cultured plant cells by entrapment in a gel matrix appears to provide conditions that are optimum to cell differentiation resulting in higher yields of secondary products. Compact or organized and slow-growing cultures often synthesize higher amounts of secondary products than growing cultures. 

So far, the term microencapsulation has been used in its broadest sense. However, one important differentiation in microencapsulation technology is the distinction between encapsulation leading to true microcapsules and entrapment resulting... 

Dealuminated M-Y zeolites (Si/Al = 4.22 M NH4, Li, Na, K, Cs) were prepared using the dealumination method developed by Skeels and Breck and the conventional ion exchange technique. These materials were characterised by infrared spectroscopy (IR) with and without pyridine adsorption, temperature-programmed desorption (t.p.d.) of ammonia. X-ray difiracto-metry (XRD) and differential thermoanalysis (DTA). They were used for encapsulation of Mo(CO)5. Subsequent decarbonylation and ammonia decomposition was monitored by mass spectrometry (MS) as a function of temperature. The oxidation numbers of entrapped molybdenum as well as the ability for ammonia decomposition were correlated to the overall acidity of the materials. It was found that the oxidation number decreased with the overall acidity (density and/or strength of Bronsted and Lewis acidity). Reduced acidity facilitated ammonia decomposition. 

Raymond and DeVries (1977) have recently postulated that the functional saturation can be realized even with the simpler theory previously developed by Kuhn (1956). Reasoning that l differential surface-to-volume ratio, an irregularly shaped surface will lead to larger surface area for the same spherical volume, these investigators showed that l = [2pac] 112, where p is related to polymer size, a is an entrapment coefficient of the polymer in ice, and c is the concentration of polymers in solution. If this value of l is used for the evaluation ofK in Eq. (27), then even when the Flory-Huggins factor is not incorporated (x = i), ATioweringrxcin can be seen. Qualitative... 

This approach was used in the study of the properties of D-amino acid oxidase isolated or fixed in cells of Trigonopsis variabilis and entrapped in calcium pectate or polyacrylamide gel [28]. The approach of a differential reactor (low enzyme activity in the packed bed) was applied. The experimental thermometric data, ATr, were transformed to reaction rates, vobs, according to Eq. (21), whereas parameter a was determined by the calibration shown in Fig. 5. The data were described by the equation... 

---