Diesel oils

At the end of the 1960 s, oil refining underwent significant transformation linked to the continuous increase in the need for light products (gasoline-diesel oil) at the expense of heavy products (fuel-oils) as shown in Table 10.1. 

The trend in d and has also been accompanied by improvements in product quality illustratisd by the increases in gasoline octane numbers and diesel oil cetane numbers. 

Properties of cuts Light gasoline Heavy gasoline Kerosene Diesel oil AR VD VR... 

Applied to atmospheric residue, its purpose is to produce maximum diesel oil and gasoline cuts while meeting viscosity and thermal stability specifications for industrial fuels. 

Product properties Light gasoline Heavy gasoline Diesel oil Residue... 

Hydrocracking is the preeminent process for making high quality kerosene and diesel oil (Figure 10.10). 

The flowscheme of the typical refinery during the period 1950-1970 was essentially focused on the production of gasoline, diesel oil, domestic heating oil and industrial fuel-oil. Except for heavy naphtha, the product streams underwent no deep conversion. 

Montagne, X., D. Merrier and J.-C. Guibet (1987), "Fouling of automotive diesel injectors. Test procedure, influence of composition of diesel oil and additives". SAE paper No. 87-2118, International fuels and lubricants meeting, Toronto, Ontario. 

The products could be classified as a function of various criteria physical properties (in particular, volatility), the way they are created (primary distillation or conversion). Nevertheless, the classification most relevant to this discussion is linked to the end product use LPG, premium gasoline, kerosene and diesel oil, medium and heavy fuels, specialty products like solvents, lubricants, and asphalts. Indeed, the product specifications are generally related to the end use. Traditionally, they have to do with specific properties octane number for premium gasoline, cetane number for diesel oil as well as overall physical properties such as density, distillation curves and viscosity. 

Emulsifiers are incorporated in oil and synthetic mud formulations to maintain a stable emulsion of the internal brine phase. These materials include calcium and magnesium soaps of fatty acids and polyamines and amides and their mixtures (123,127). The specific chemistry of these additives depends on the nature of the continuous phase of the mud, ie, whether diesel oil, mineral oil, or a synthetic Hquid. Lime is added along with the fatty acid to form the... 

In extremely cold environments, engines can quickly become difficult, sometimes nearly impossible, to start. If ordinary gasoline- or diesel-oil-fired heaters are used, the coolant circulation pump, air fan, etc, must be powered from the vehicle s batteries, thus curtailing the time the system can be used, especially at very low temperatures when it is needed the most. By adding PbTe thermoelectrics to such heater systems, about 2% of their thermal output can be turned into electricity to mn the heater s electronics, fuel pump, combustion fan, and coolant circulation pump, with stiH sufficient power left over to keep the vehicle s battery fliUy charged. The market for such units is in the hundreds of thousands if manufacturing costs can be reduced. 

For vanadium solvent extraction, Hon powder can be added to reduce pentavalent vanadium to quadrivalent and trivalent Hon to divalent at a redox potential of —150 mV. The pH is adjusted to 2 by addition of NH, and an oxyvanadium cation is extracted in four countercurrent stages of mixer—settlers by a diesel oil solution of EHPA. Vanadium is stripped from the organic solvent with a 15 wt % sulfuric acid solution in four countercurrent stages. Addition of NH, steam, and sodium chlorate to the strip Hquor results in the precipitation of vanadium oxides, which are filtered, dried, fused, and flaked (22). Vanadium can also be extracted from oxidized uranium raffinate by solvent extraction with a tertiary amine, and ammonium metavanadate is produced from the soda-ash strip Hquor. Fused and flaked pentoxide is made from the ammonium metavanadate (23). 

Diesel Diesel oil NO, particulate, SO, CO2 Auto, truck, bus, railroad, marine, tractor... 

NATURAL GAS COAL DIESEL OIL ORUDE HEAVY FUEL OIL LNC... 

Small concentrations of volatile components in a liquid mixture may accumulate in the vapor space of a container over time and appreciably reduce the flash point relative to the reported closed-cup value. This may be the result of degassing, chemical reaction or other mechanism. An example is bitumen [162]. Similarly, if a tank truck is not cleaned between deliveries of gasoline and a high flash point liquid such as kerosene or diesel oil, the mixture might generate a flammable atmosphere both in the tmck tank and the receiving tank. Contamination at the thousand ppm level may create hazards (5-1.4.3 and 5-2.5.4). Solids containing upward of about 0.2 wt% flammable solvent need to be evaluated for flammable vapor formation in containers (6-1.3.2). 

---