Plant diesel fuel from

Polymer-Engineering A catalytic process for making diesel fuel from waste plastics. Developed by C. Koch at Alphakat GMBH, Germany, and now offered by Polymer-Engineering, Germany. A zeolite catalyst is used, and the product is called NanoFuel Diesel. Plants have been built in Germany, Mexico, Japan, and South Korea. 

Basic consumption of heat in industry falls on temperatures up to 550-600 C. This level can be provided by HTGRs with helium temperature of 750 C, Almost all oil refineries and plants for production of petrol and diesel fuel from coal can be served by HTGRs with such a level of temperature This allows to save only for the oil refineries about 15% of the oil processed. 

SASOL-II and -III cost about U.S. 7 billion (escalated to 1989). M.W. Kellogg Company built the original SASOL-I plant, and Fluor Daniel, Inc. constructed SASOL-II and -III. Construction of each of these massive coal gasification and conversion complexes took 36 months. SASOL is a true modern day coal refinery, producing principally gasoline and diesel fuel from coal and over 80 chemicals which account for more than 25% of the total revenues (6). 

BIOX (2) A process for making diesel fuel from waste animal and vegetable oils by acid-catalyzed, single-phase methanolysis using an excess of methanol and an inert reclaimable cosolvent (e.g., tetrahydrofuran) in a one-pot reaction system. The product is a mixture of the methyl esters of a range of fatty acids. Invented by D. Boocock in Toronto and piloted from 2001 by BIOX Corp. A commercial plant was built in Hamilton, ON, in 2007. 

Bntamax A fermentation process for making isobutanol, for use as a diesel fuel, from sugar. The process depends on a novel yeast that has been genetically engineered to maximize the production of butanols. Developed by Butamax Advanced Biofuels, a joint venture of BP and DuPont. A demonstration plant was being built in Hull, United Kingdom, in 2012. 

An alternative method of produciag hydrocarbon fuels from biomass uses oils that are produced ia certaia plant seeds, such as rape seed, sunflowers, or oil palms, or from aquatic plants (see Soybeans and other oilseeds). Certain aquatic plants produce oils that can be extracted and upgraded to produce diesel fuel. The primary processiag requirement is to isolate the hydrocarbon portion of the carbon chain that closely matches diesel fuel and modify its combustion characteristics by chemical processiag. 

Conventional Transportation Fuels. Synthesis gas produced from coal gasification or from natural gas by partial oxidation or steam reforming can be converted into a variety of transportation fuels, such as gasoline, aviation turbine fuel (see Aviation and other gas turbine fuels), and diesel fuel. A widely known process used for this appHcation is the Eischer-Tropsch process which converts synthesis gas into largely aHphatic hydrocarbons over an iron or cobalt catalyst. The process was operated successfully in Germany during World War II and is being used commercially at the Sasol plants in South Africa. 

Shell Gas B.V. has constructed a 1987 mVd (12,500 bbhd) Fischer-Tropsch plant in Malaysia, start-up occurring in 1994. The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) process, as it is called, uses natural gas as the feedstock to fixed-bed reactors containing cobalt-based cat- yst. The heavy hydrocarbons from the Fischer-Tropsch reactors are converted to distillate fuels by hydrocracking and hydroisomerization. The quality of the products is very high, the diesel fuel having a cetane number in excess of 75. 

It is obvious from this that as long as natural gas or diesel fuel is available the ehoiee of eombined eyele power plants is obvious. 

These products can be fairly easily processed into high-quality diesel and jet fuel in theory, any source of carbon can be used to generate synthesis gas. These facts along with the growing need for petroleum alternatives have renewed interest in FT synthesis. During the twentieth century, the FT process was used to produce fuels from coal in large and costly reactors. Recently, this megasize approach has been applied to world-scale GTL plants in Qatar. However, to tap abundant biomass resources and stranded natural gas reserves, a smaller scale, yet economically viable, FT process is needed. 

Impurities in propane can include water, particulates and foreign matter, and residue which includes dissolved components that are left behind when propane is evaporated. Propane residue can come directly from the refinery or gas processing plant where propane is produced, but more commonly it is picked up as propane is distributed. Sources of the residue include pipelines and tanks that contained gasoline or diesel fuel and that have not been cleaned thoroughly. Propane residue is primarily higher hydrocarbons but may include mercaptan (odorizer) and other materials soluble in hydrocarbons. 

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