Utility of Imaging Techniques

Andrea Di Cori, Giulio Zucchelli and Francesco Bandera 

The need for safe extraction techniques, performed via the implant vein and compatible with the pectoral-pocket transvenous implant method, led to the development of transvenous percutaneous techniques [5, 6]. By using telescoping sheaths made of polymer and/or steel material that slide over the lead body, a countering force is applied to the intravascular fibrotic overgrowth that resists the traction force applied to the lead. This technique of intravascular counterpressure localizes shear stress on the fibrotic tissue and aids 

2nd Cardiovascular Department AOUP, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy 

In this chapter, we review imaging facilities used in modern-day lead extraction for pre-, intra-, and postprocedural assessment. 

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Jackson et al. (43) proposed using pressed pellets of biologically certified reference materials for calibrations of rat brain images. The authors determined the elemental distributions and concentrations of Cu, Zn and Fe by LA-ICP-QMS (laser spot size 60 xm and scan speed 120 pim s ) in whole rat brain sections (100 xm thickness) and the physiologically important elements P and S were also analyzed. The distributions and concentration ranges for these elements demonstrate the utility of this technique for rapid mapping of brain thin sections (43). 

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