1.2- dichloroethane as solvent

Using 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent, Brown et al. 16 have also studied the acetylation reaction, with acetyl chloride and aluminium chloride as reagents at 25 °C. The appropriate data for benzene are given in Table 111 and by comparison with Table 109 it appears that acetylation occurs some 300 times as fast as benzoylation. 

Epoxidation of olefins over Mo containing Y zeolites was studied by Lunsford et al. [86-90]. Molybdenum introduced in ultrastable Y zeolite through reaction with Mo(C0)g or M0CI5, shows a high initial activity for epoxidation of propylene with t-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant and 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent [88]. The reaction is proposed to proceed via the formation of a Mo +-t-butyl hydroperoxide complex and subsequent oxygen transfer from the complex to propylene. The catalyst suffers however from fast deactivation caused by intrazeolitic polymerization of propylene oxide and resulting blocking of the active sites. 

As with other nitrogen-containing heterocycles, TV-alkylation is a reaction of some interest. This is particularly true when the products are nucleosides. One interesting example of nucleoside formation arises from reaction of a suitable furo[3,4-J]pyrimidine (41) and l-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tribe nzoyl-/ -D-ribose the product formed seems to be solvent dependent. The N-l substituted nucleoside (42 R = tribenzoylribose) is formed in 81 % yield when the heterocycle and the protected sugar are treated with tin(IV) chloride in acetonitrile. However, use of 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent affords only 17% of this product together with 81% of the N-l,N-3 disubstituted product (Equation (10)) <83CPB3074>. 

A1C13 > stoichiometric amount 1,2-Dichloroethane as solvent Batch reactor Hydrolysis at the end of reaction Destruction of the catalyst Zeolite catalyst No solvent Continuous reactor No water Periodic catalyst Regeneration... 

Figure 14.2 Simplified flow chart for the conventional aluminium chloride process using 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent. Effluent 4.500 tonne per tonne of acetoanisoie.

Copolymer compositions of poly(ACN-co-AN) and poly(ACN-co-MAN) were determined by elemental nitrogen analyses. The percentages of ACN in hydrocarbon copolymers were determined by UV spectroscopy, using the measured optical density for ACN in PACN at 310 nm in 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent. For poly(ACN-co-2VN) the compositions were checked by NMR spectroscopy (300 MHz). In all cases, conversions were held to ten percent or less in order to avoid drift in copolymer composition. 

Figure 3 Simplified flow chart for the conventional aluminum dichloride process using DCE (1,2 dichloroethane) as solvent...

Oxidations. A chromium-catalyzed oxidation of alcohols with sodium percarbonate is accomplished in benzotrifluoride. PhCF, is a useful replacement for 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent. 

The solvent donor number, first defined by Gutman [4] and abbreviated to DN, is a system specific, but quantitative measure of the ability of a substance to act as an electron pair donor. In its original form it is defined as the negative of the heat of reaction for the formation of the 1 1 adduct between the test substance and antimony pentachloride, measured in 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent (equation 12.2). 

Following the catalytic metathesis of carbodiimides and isothiocyanates with Cl3(dme)WCtBu, we tested the metatheses of alkenes with this complex. Linear 1-alkenes and monocyclic alkenes (scheme 4) give catalytic metathesis with the Schrock type carbyne complex in CH2CI2 at 20°C (12). At 76 °C and in 1,2 dichloroethane as solvent the turnover frequence enhance (Table 1) (13). 

Preparative Methods. Several methods have been published for the synthesis of W-(diphenylmethylene)-4-methylbenzenesul-fonamide (2), but only two have been applied to the preparation of 7V-(diphenylmethylene)benzenesulfonamide (1). Thus, condensation of dichlorodiphenylmethane (3) with benzenesulfonamide (4, R = H) or 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (4, R = CH3) in the presence of AICI3 at room temperature and 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent leads to the corresponding products in high yields (eq 1). Lower yields of products 1 and 2 are obtained when either diphenyldiazomethane (5) or benzophenone hydrazone (6) condenses with W-chloro-W-sodiumbenzenesulfonamide (Chlor-amine-B) (7, R = H) or with its 4-methylphenyl derivative... 

The reaction between isatin derivatives 44, malonodini-trile 21, and CH acids 43 led to the formation of spiropyran compounds 46 by the application of a variety of catalysts. Yuan et al. reported the use of 10mol% cupreine 45 as an organocatalyst that led to spiro compounds with enhanced enantiomeric excess (Scheme 13.15) [23]. The reactions are conducted in dichloromethane or 1,2-dichloroethane as solvents at 0 °C, while the addition of 4 A molecular sieves provides shorter reaction times and higher ee s. 

The use of 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent leads to the highest activity for all ketones, but water can be used as the only solvent, which is particularly important for the development of a green BV system [9],... 

Bi(III) halides act as efficient and selective reagents for halogen exchange under mild conditions in 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent, the reactions proceeding mainly with retention of configuration. I or Br may be replaced by Br or Cl in secondary, tertiary, allylic, or benzylic systems, but not primary. 

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