Diarrhea epidemiology

Okhuysen PC. Current concepts in travelers diarrhea Epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance and treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005 18 522-526. 

Ericsson CD Travelers diarrhea. Epidemiology, prevention, and self-treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1998 12 285-303. 

Levine, M. M., and Edelman, R. (1984). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of classic serotypes associated with infant diarrhea Epidemiology and pathogenesis. Epidemiol. Rev. 6,31-51. 

The age and sex distributions of Campylobacter infections are unique among bacterial enteric pathogens. In developed countries, there are two age peaks younger than 1 year of age and 15 to 44 years of age. There is a mild male predominance among infected persons. The reason for this distinct age and sex distribution remains unknown. The epidemiology of Campylobacter infections is quite different in developing countries Campylobacter diarrhea is primarily a pediatric disease in developing countries. 

This article provides an overview of the epidemiological impact, pathogenesis and new approaches to the management of enteric infections. Although several enteric viruses are important causes of diarrhea in both developed and developing country, we will focus this overview on bacterial and selected parasitic pathogens. 

Pathogenic agent Epidemiology Incubation period Diarrhea Virulence determinant/mechanism... 

McFarland LV Epidemiology, risk factors and treatments for antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Dig Dis 1998 16 292-307. 

Gerding DN, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Teasley DG, Gebhard RL, Schwartz ML, Lee JT Jr. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis in adults. A prospective case-controlled epidemiologic study. Arch Intern Med 1986 I46(I) 95-IOO. 

Hirschhorn LR, Trnka Y, Onderdonk A, Lee ML, Platt R. Epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Infect Dis 1994 169(l) 127-33. 

The epidemiology of diarrhea varies in developed versus developing conntries. In the United States, diarrheal illnesses are usually not reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) unless associated with an outbreak or an unusual organism or condition. For example, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been identified with protracted diarrheal illness. Diarrhea is a major... 

Slutsker L, Ries AA, Greene KD, et al. Escherichia coli 0157 H7 diarrhea in the United States Clinical and epidemiologic features. Ann Intern Med 1997 126 505-513. 

In the following summers, we studied similar epidemiological outbreaks that, after an incubation period of a few hours, presented as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, without fever. This was associated to the consumption of steamed mussels. Patients would recover in 2 or 3 days. We contacted Dr. Kat and implemented the test she was developing in rats. The test gave inadequate results. This was probably due to methodological problems. 

In 1981, the greatest diarrheic poisoning associated with mussel consumption occurred, affecting around 5000 people all over Spain, mostly in Madrid. Once again, the epidemiology analysis associated diarrhea with mussels. By then, Kat s [11] and Yasumoto s [12,14,15] works were... 

LK Pickering, AV Bartlett, WE Woodward. Acute infectious diarrhea among children in day care epidemiology and control. Rev Infect Dis 8(4) 539-547, 1986. 

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