Diamond preparation methods

To conclude with the primary electrode characteristics, we describe briefly the DLC electrodes. The data are scarce and partly contradictory, probably due to the differences in film preparation methods. According to Howe [60], even films as thin as 50 nm are quite stable against corrosion. However, in later works [61, 62] such thin films turned permeable for electrolytes. The penetration of the electrolyte to a substrate metal resulted in its corrosion and, ultimately, in film peeling. Thicker films (0.1 to 1 pm) were less subjected to damage. The current-potential curves in supporting electrolytes resemble those for crystalline diamond electrodes (see Figs. 7, 8) the potential window is narrower, however [63], Fluorination of a-C H enhances corrosion resistance of the films significantly [64],... 

Abrasive particles are a key component in CMP slurry. The most commonly used abrasive particles include silica, alumina, ceria, zirconia, titania, and diamond. Table 21.1 listed a set of information on each type of abrasive particles such as density, microhardness, and isoelectric points (lEP). It is important to point out that the specific values for these properties depend highly on the preparation techniques and the specific states of the samples. The values listed in the table represent an average of the most commonly reported data. For example, the isoelectric point for silica is a function of the number of hydroxyl groups, type and level of adsorbed species, metal impurity in the solid matrix, and the treatment history of the materials [1]. There are three major types of silica according to their preparation methods fumed, colloidal, and precipitated. The common sources for obtaining these abrasive particles are listed in Table 21.2. As examples, some of the more specific information on... 

The IR spectra of polyester oligomers are almost identical to those of polyester fibres. The oligomers can be prepared as KBr pellets, as a molten film between NaCl or KBr platelets or else they can be investigated directly by the diffuse reflection or the diamond ATR method. 

Preparation Methods for Diamond-like Carbon Films... 

Specimen polishing, for example, using successively finer grades of diamond paste, provides an alternative preparation method for surface examination. Filler particles may be subsequently etched, however, this can complicate interpretation of the image produced, since air voids contained in the structure may be indistinguishable from extracted filler. 

Generally, microtomy refers to the preparation of thin slices of material by sectioning for observation in an optical microscope by transmitted light. Microtomed sections are cut with steel or glass knives to about 1 to 40/tm thickness. Ultramicrotomy methods involve the preparation of ultrathin sections of material for observation in an electron microscope. Ultramicrotome sections are cut with glass or diamond knives to a thickness ca. 30-100 nm. If imaging is to be done via many techniques, the TEM preparation method can be utilized to prepare thin sections for OM, TEM, and AFM, and the flat block face is used for SEM and/or SPM. 

Nitrogen forms binary compounds with almost all elements of the periodic table and for many elements several stoichiometries are observed, e.g. MnN, Mn Ns, Mn3N2, MniN, Mn4N and Mn tN (9.2 < jc < 25.3). Nitrides are frequently classified into 4 groups salt-like , covalent, diamond-like and metallic (or interstitial ). The remarks on p. 64 concerning the limitations of such classifications are relevant here. The two main methods of preparation are by direct reaction of the metal with Ni or NH3 (often at high temperatures) and the thermal decomposition of metal amides, e.g. ... 

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