Dialdehydes formation

A further remarkable finding in the hydrolysis of aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide is the relative instability of the dihydrodiol, which under basic conditions exists in equilibrium with an aflatoxin dialdehyde, more precisely a furofuran-ring-opened oxy anionic a-hydroxy dialdehyde (10.134, Fig. 10.30). The dihydrodiol is the predominant or exclusive species at pH < 7, whereas this is true for the dialdehyde at pH >9, the pK value of the equilibrium being 8.2 [204], The dialdehyde is known to form Schiff bases with primary amino groups leading to protein adducts. However, the slow rate of dialdehyde formation at physiological pH and its reduction by rat and human aldo-keto reductases cast doubts on the toxicological relevance of this pathway [206]. 

The procedure will now be explained for the example of oxo synthesis. Conjugated dienes are converted into mono- and dialdehydes by phosphine-modified rhodium catalysts [12]. The target quantity, in diis case the extent of dialdehyde formation, depends mainly on the three reaction parameters temperature (A), cocatalyst ratio (5), and total pressure (Q. A 2 factorial design was carried out (Table 13-8). The evaluation of the test results by the Yates scheme is shown in Table 13-9. 

It may be assumed that dialdehyde formation can be achieved because the isomerisation of the intermediate nonconjugated unsaturated aldehyde to the conjugated aldehyde (which would only give monoaldehyde by hydrogenation) is not catalyzed by the modified rhodium catalyst (see also chapter on reaction mechanism of the hydroformylation reaction, p. 4), whereas HCo(CO)4 catalyzes the isomerisation. 

Macrocycles have been prepared by formation of macrocyclic imines as well as by using variations of the Williamson ether synthesis ". Typically, a diamine or dialdehyde is treated with its counterpart to yield the Schiff s base. The saturated macrocycle may then be obtained by simple reduction, using sodium borohydride, for example. The cyclization may be metal-ion templated. In the special case of the all-nitrogen macrd-cycle, 15, the condensation of diamine with glyoxal shown in Eq. (4.14), was unsuccess-ful ... 

Quite a number of mixed sulfur-nitrogen macrocycles have been prepared, but these have largely been by the methods outlined in Chaps. 4 and 5 for the respective heteroatoms. An alternative method, involves the formation of a Schiff base, followed by reduction to the fully saturated system, if desired. An interesting example of the Schiff base formation is found in the reaction formulated in (6.12). Dialdehyde 14 is added to ethylenediamine in a solution containing ferrous ions. Although fully characterized, the yield for the reaction is not recorded. To avoid confusion with the original literature, we note the claim that the dialdehyde [14] was readily prepared in good yield by reaction of the disodium salt of 3-thiapentane-l, 5-diol . The latter must be the dithiol rather than the diol. 

The first synthesis of a 3//-3-benzazepine, e.g. 65 (R1 = R2 = Me), was achieved by the condensation of phthalaldehyde with a bis[(alkoxycarbonyl)methyl]methylamine.24"25 With sodium methoxide as the base, A%V-bis[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]pheiiylaniine condenses with the dialdehyde in a similar manner to give dimethyl 3-phenyl-3//-3-benzazepine-2,4-dicar-boxy late (65, Rl — Ph R2 — Me).99 However, replacement of methoxide by potassium tert-butoxide results in formation of 3-phenyl-3//-3-benzazepine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (65, R1 = Ph R2 = H).25... 

A retroaldol fragmentation subsequent to the addition of p-TsOI I and a small amount of water to epoxide 206, obtained by oxidation of enol ether 205 with DMDO, resulted in the direct formation of dialdehyde hydrate 208, possessing the spirostructure necessary for the construction of the fused-rings core of ( )-ginkoli-de B. Apparently, hydrolysis of the epoxide produces the hemiacetal 207, which undergoes retroaldol fragmentation of the cydobutane to afford the dialdehyde, which forms the stable hydrate 208 (Scheme 8.52) [94]. 

The transformation of isoquinoline has been studied both under photochemical conditions with hydrogen peroxide, and in the dark with hydroxyl radicals (Beitz et al. 1998). The former resulted in fission of the pyridine ring with the formation of phthalic dialdehyde and phthalimide, whereas the major product from the latter reaction involved oxidation of the benzene ring with formation of the isoquinoline-5,8-quinone and a hydroxylated quinone. 

Another beautiful example of an early domino process is the formation of daphnilactone A (0-19), as described by Heathcock and coworkers [17]. In this process the precursor 0-17 containing two hydroxymethyl groups is oxidized to give the corresponding dialdehyde, which is condensed with methylamine leading to a 2-azabutadiene. There follow a cycloaddition and an ene reaction to give the hexacycle 0-18, which is transformed into daphnilactone A (0-19) (Scheme 0.6). 

One very fascinating domino reaction is the fivefold anionic/pericydic sequence developed by Heathcockand coworkers for the total synthesis of alkaloids of the Daphniphyllum family [351], of which one example was presented in the Introduction. Another example is the synthesis of secodaphniphylline (2-692) [352]. As depicted in Scheme 2.154, a twofold condensation of methylamine with the dialdehyde 2-686 led to the formation of the dihydropyridinium ion 2-687 which underwent an intramolecular hetero- Diels-Alder reaction to give the unsaturated iminium ion 2-688. This cydized, providing carbocation 2-689. Subsequent 1,5-hydride shift afforded the iminium ion 2-690 which, upon aqueous work-up, is hydrolyzed to give the final product 2-691 in a remarkable yield of about 75 %. In a similar way, dihydrosqualene dialdehyde was transformed into the corresponding polycyclic compound [353]. 

The next task was removal of the C3,C3 -esters. Although the palladium-catalyzed decarboxylation protocol performed well in previous systems, a competing C-H insertion reaction was discovered with the methylidene bridge needed for cercosporin (see below). Since reexamination of alternate decarboxylation methods [48] led to no success, a decarbonylation strategy was explored [49]. Formation of the requisite dialdehyde was best accomplished by overreduction using DIB AL and... 

Recently,14 the acid VIII (from the condensation of D-galactose with ethyl acetoacetate) was dehydrated by heating its aqueous solution, but no crystalline product was isolated. Nevertheless, the changes in the optical rotation of the sirup and its reaction with periodic acid indicated that anhydride formation had occurred. Up to the present, efforts to isolate the dialdehyde... 

Another representative example is the preparation of (3A,5/ ,7a/ )-5-(benzotriazol-l-yl)-3-phenyl[2,l-A oxazolopyr-rolidine 238 that was synthesized from benzotriazole, (A)-phenylglycinol, and 2,5-dimethoxy-tetrahydrofuran at room temperature. This reaction entailed the formation of two heterocyclic rings and two new chiral centers in one step (Equation 33) by double Robinson-Schopf condensation of the dialdehyde with the amino group and benzotriazole intercepting the initially formed iminium ion (Equation 36) <1999JOC1979>. 

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