Steam distillation diagram

The Hausbrand vapor-pressure diagram [127, 128] in Figure 8-40 is a useful approach for the steam distillation calculation. This particular diagram was prepared for six organic compounds and the corresponding water vapor pressure as (it - ps) for three system pressures of 760, 300, and 70 mm Hg versus temperature,... 

A steam distillation apparatus is shown on the right-hand side of Figure 10.7. This same apparatus can be used to determine ammonia in soil as described previously. A flow diagram for the determination of ammonia in soil using a Kjeldahl analysis is given in Figure 10.8 [6],... 

The diagram of the micro steam distillation-extraction apparatus is given. The recovery yield is given for test compounds. 

Diagrams of SDE under vacuum and solvent consideration are given. The reader can also consult the additional literature giving other details relative to the methodology i.e., the Chrompack user manual contains a drawing of themicro steam distillation extraction apparatus. 

Hie diagram show how limonene can be extracted from lemon peel by steam distillation. 

Schematic diagram of the apparatus used for microwave accelerated steam distillation (MASD). [Reprinted with permission from Anal. Chim. Acta, 2006, 555, 157-160. Copyright 2006 Elsevier B.V.]...

In this work, nickel oxides are prepared by dehydration under vacuum (10 torr) at moderate temperatures (200-300 ) of a pure nickel hydroxide. The hydroxide itself is prepared by the steam distillation of a solution of reagent grade Ni(NOs)2 in an excess of aqueous ammonia (22). As has been shown (22), this method yields Ni(OH)2 containing less than 0.08% of NHs and N2O6. When dried at about 60°, the product has the composition NiO, 1.05 H2O and its BET surface area amounts to 34 m /gm. The external aspect is that of a fine crystalline powder and not of a gel. There are no small-diameter pores in the hydroxide particles since the adsorption-desorption isotherm of nitrogen at —195° does not present an hysteresis loop. The X-ray diagram is that of a well-crystalized nickel hydroxide. 

Both heavier and lighter than water versions of the steam distillation apparatus are commercially available (Alltech, Deerfield, IL Chrompack, Bridgewater, NJ). Diagrams of the two versions are shown in Figure 11. 

Figure 113-5 Schematic diagram, of a steam distillation apparatus.

Diagram for determining the boiling point and the partial pressures in steam distillation (Badger and McCabe)... 

The VLB diagram for MDC/water is very like that of all hydrocarbons and typifies the appearance that one would observe in the steam distillation of materials very sparingly water miscible. 

Pressure, boiling, and equilibrium diagrams for the steam distillation of common and important binary mixtures of partial miscibility are shown in Fig. 1-21. 

Outline in a flow diagram the procedure for purifying aniline. Indicate the importance of each step in the procedure, and give reasons for doing the steam distillation with a basic solution. What is the purpose of performing the subsequent extractions from aqueous acid and then base Write the equation(s) for the reactions that occur when base and acid are added. 

Insoluble liquids steam distillation The mutual solubility of some liquids is so small that they can be considered substantially insoluble points K and M (Fig. 9.8) are then for all practical purposes on the vertical axes of these diagrams. This is the case for a mixture such as a hydrocarbon and water, for example. If the liquids are completely insoluble, the vapor pressure of either component cannot be influenced by the presence of the other and each exerts its true vapor pressure at the prevailing temperature. When the sum of the separate vapor pressures equals the total pressure, the mixture boils, and the vapor composition is readily computed, assuming the applicability of the simple gas law,... 

The compressor can be driven by electric motors, gas or steam turbiaes, or internal combustion (usually diesel) engines. The compressor can also be a steam-driven ejector (Fig. 7b), which improves plant reUabiUty because of its simplicity and absence of moving parts, but also reduces its efficiency because an ejector is less efficient than a mechanical compressor. In all of the therm ally driven devices, turbiaes, engines, and the ejector mentioned hereia, the exhaust heat can be used for process efficiency improvement, or for desalination by an additional distillation plant. Figure 8 shows a flow diagram of the vertical-tube vapor compression process. 

Propylene oxide is purified by steam stripping and then distillation. Byproduct propylene dichloride may be purified for use as a solvent or as a feed to the perchloroethylene process. The main disadvantage of the chlorohydrination process is the waste disposal of CaCl2. Figure 8-3 is a flow diagram of a typical chlorohydrin process. 

Flow diagram of the process for hydrogen and distillate fuel production from residual oil using iron oxides and steam. 1 = Cracking reactor, 2 = distillation column, 3 = hydrogen generator, and 4 = hydrodesulfurization reactor. 

The sketch below shows a distillation column that is heat-integrated with an evaporator. Draw a conirot concept diagram which accomplishes the following Directives (a) In the evaporator, temperature is controlled by steam, level by liquid product, and pressure by auxiliary cooling or vapor to the rcboiler. Level in the condensate receiver is controUed by condensate. 

The steam and gas mixture enters water-cooled cooler 9 and through phase separator 10 enters salt-cooled cooler 77. The condensed alcohol is sent into collector 7, and hydrogen chloride vapours are sent through phase separator 12 to be purified in bubble tanks (not shown in the diagram). After the excess alcohol and hydrogen chloride are distilled, the mixture is sampled at 140°C to determine hydrogen chloride content. If HC1 content is below 0.5%, the reactive mass is cooled with water sent into the tank jacket. If hydrogen chloride content exceeds 0.5%, the distillation is continued. 

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