Diagrammatic reasoning

Stieff, M. (2007). Mental rotation and diagrammatic reasoning in science. Learning and Instruction, 17, 219-234. 

Barwise, J., and Etchemendy, J. (1995). Heterogenous logic. In B. Chandrase-keran, J. Glasgow, and N. H. Narayanan (eds.), Diagrammatic reasoning cognitive and computational perspectives (pp. 211-234). Cambridge MIT Press. 

Narayanan, N. H., Suwa, M., and Motoda, H. (1994). A study of diagrammatic reasoning from verbal and gestural data. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual... 

The dilute solutions of elements in solid iron are, at present, the only system for which the thermodynamics has been reasonably well worked out experimentally. The remainder of this section will therefore be devoted to the diagrammatic representation of data for these systems which have been evolved by Richardson... 

Fig. 173. Diagrammatic illustration of a Drais mixing and kneading machine with two tanks. The drive and switchgear is in an adjacent room for safety reasons (Courtesy Draiswerke Maschinenfabrik G.m.b.H., Mannheim-Waldhof, G.F.R.).

One can ask what is the advantage to use the more complex two-time Green functions instead of density matrices There are several reasons. First of all, NGF give, as we shall see below, a clear description of both density of states and distribution of particles over this states. Then, the equations of motion including interactions and the influence of environment can be obtained with the help of a diagrammatic technique, and (very important) all diagrammatic results of equilibrium theory can be easily incorporated. Retardation effects are conveniently taken into account by two-time Green functions. And,. .. finally, one can always go back to the density matrix when necessary. 

Although usual diagrammatic argument does not apply, for these reasons, semiempirical DFT and TDDFT may be said to lack size correctness. 

The volatile (at reaction temperature) products can be grouped into liquids and gases, depending upon the state they are at ambient conditions. However, for practical reasons in all our experimental studies we used an ice bath T = 273 K) to collect the liquid products. This way we avoided possible condensation problems of the collected gases as well as variations due to seasonal room temperature fluctuations. A diagrammatic overview of the process mass balance is shown in Figure 7.6. 

The second reason is that it is observed usually in the adiabatic self-heating test performed for 2 cm of a chemical of the TD type that the temperature of the chemical continues to increase at a virtually constant rate, while it increases by 50 yV, in the case of the CA thermocouple, from a 7, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 4 in Section 2.5, and as shown by a digital record of the digital D.C. millivolt recorder presented in Table 5 in Section 4.7. That is, so long as the increment in temperature of 2 cm of a chemical of the TD type subjected to the adiabatic self-heating test started from a 7, are within 50 juV... 

With few exceptions, diagrammatic presentations of metabolic pathways for xenobiotics include a number of structures that are enclosed within brackets. This is the means by which the otetabolism chemist designates a proposed intermediate, or hidden metabolite, in that particular pathway. Often, the proposed intermediate is considered so transient in nature that its isolation would be impractical, if not impossible, and its reactivity so great that its occurrence as a terminal metabolite would be virtually inconceivable. When secondary metabolic processes are involved, these transient metabolites are referred to as hidden conjugates. These intermediate, transitory metabolites have their own chemical and toxicological properties and it is reasonable to assume that they may influence, at least in part, the toxic action of the parent xenobiotic. 

The Silver Coulometer. The silver coulomcter consists, essentially, of a platinum dish or crucible as cathode, and a silver anode with a silver nitrate solution as electrolyte. Surrounding the anode is, in the latest types of the instrument, a porous cup of ceramic material, for reasons to be explained below. A convenient form of silver coulometer is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 3. A dish, Pt, holds a solution of silver nitrate... 

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