Diagram volume dependence

Fig. 26. Magnetic phase diagram of NpAs. The behavior at ambient pressure is well established but the volume dependence must be considered to be tentative. 10 kbar = 1 GPa. [Taken from Kalvius (1989).]...

The success of this preparation depends upon the use of the apparatus (1) depicted in Fig.///, 57, 1, which permits of the automatic separation of the water produced in the reaction this will be termed a water-separator tube. Convenient dimensions for students preparations are indicated in the diagram. Determine the volume v of the tube up to the neck, i.e., between A and B, by adding water from a burette. The quantity of water which should be eliminated, assuming a quantitative conversion of the alcohol into the ether, may be computed from the equation ... 

Solution. Draw into the iv diagram the characteristic curve of the fan and the duct-pressure-drop volume flow dependency. The latter is a parabola passing through the origin with the following equation ... 

The basis of the window diagram approach is that the relative retention of a solute on a mixed phase depends only on the volume fractions of the individual phases and the partition... 

Thus, one could expect to find a droplet morphology at those quench conditions at which the equilibrium minority phase volume fraction (determined by the lever rule from the phase diagram) is lower than the percolation threshold. However, the time interval after which a disperse coarsening occurs would depend strongly on the quench conditions (Fig. 40), because the volume fraction of the minority phase approaches the equilibrium value very slowly at the late times. 

Analyzing theoretically the thermodynamic behavior of the melt of a proteinlike copolymer, authors of work [39] did not confine themselves to the construction of its phase diagram. They also calculated the temperature dependencies of amplitudes and periods of mesophases, as well as their volume fractions in two-phase regions on these diagrams. This permitted them to reveal some important distinctions in the thermodynamic behavior of melts of Markovian and proteinlike heteropolymers. 

Figure 11.29 Temperature dependent conversion/selectivity diagrams A-D, varying synthesis conditions as indicated in the upper left corner (1% 1,3-butadiene in synthetic air, GHSV 3,000 to 12,000 h 1, ambient pressure, 150 to 350°C, catalyst volume, 2 mL, diluted with corundum (1/1 mL)).

The IL is mainly located in the upper phases of the ATPS. The lower phases contain the phosphate salt. Water is partitioning almost evenly between the two-liquid phases. By definition, all initial compositions belonging to the same tie-line split into two liquid phases of identical composition only the volume amounts (and the phase ratios) change. Since the tie-lines are, by chance, almost parallel to the water hypotenuse, the phase diagram clearly shows that the chemical composition of the two liquid phases crucially depends on the water content of the system. 

A considerable amount of experimental work has been carried out on the so-called gel emulsions of water/nonionic surfactant/oil systems [9-14, 80, 106, 107]. These form in either the water-rich or oil-rich regions of the ternary phase diagrams, depending on the surfactant and system temperature. The latter parameter is important as a result of the property of nonionic surfactants known as the HLB temperature, or phase inversion temperature (PIT). Below the PIT, nonionic surfactants are water-soluble (hydrophilic form o/w emulsions) whereas above the PIT they are oil-soluble (hydrophobic form w/o emulsions). The systems studied were all of very high phase volume fraction, and were stabilised by nonionic polyether surfactants. 

Chromatographic analysis is based on a chromatogram. This chromatogram is a two-dimensional diagram (Fig. 1.3) traced on chart paper or a screen that reveals, as a function of time, a parameter that depends on the instantaneous concentration of the solute as it exits the column. Time (or alternatively elution volume) appears on the abscissa and the detector signal appears as the ordinate. 

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