Dextrose, structure

DEPT-NMR spectrum. 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, 451 Detergent, structure of, 1065 Deuterium isotope effect, 386-387 El reaction and, 392 E2 reaction and, 386-387 Dewar benzene. 1201 Dextromethorphan, structure of, 294 Dextrorotatory, 295 Dextrose, structure of. 973 Dialkylamine, pKa of, 852 Diastereomers, 302-303 kinds of, 310-311 Diastereotopic (NMR), 456... 

PN should provide a balanced nutritional intake, including macronutrients, micronutrients, and fluid. Macronutrients, including amino acids, dextrose, and intravenous lipid emulsions, are important sources of structural and energy-yielding substrates. A balanced PN formulation includes 10% to 20% of total daily calories from amino acids, 50% to 60% of total daily calories from dextrose, and 20% to 30% of total daily calories from intravenous lipid emulsion. Micronutrients, including electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements, are required to support essential biochemical reactions. Parenteral... 

There are five prime factors that determine the properties of starches 1. starch is a polymer of glucose (dextrose) 2. the starch polymer is of two types linear and branched 3 the linear polymeric molecules can associate with each other giving insolubility in water 4. the polymeric molecules are organized and packed into granules which are insoluble in water and 5 disruption of the granule structure is required to render the starch polymer dispersible in water. The modification of starch takes into account these factors. 

Macronutrients are used for energy (dextrose, fat) and as structural substrates (protein, fats). 

Alkyl polyglycosides have long been known but only now, following several years research, has it been possible to develop reaction conditions that allow manufacture on a commercial scale. The structure on which these compounds are based corresponds exactly to the surfactant model described above. The hydro-phobic (or lipophilic) hydrocarbon chain is formed by a fatty alcohol (dodecanol/ tetradecanol) obtained from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. The hydrophilic part of the molecule is based on glucose (dextrose) obtained from starch (Fig. 4.14). 

Dextrose, hydrogenation over Raney-type nickel catalysts, 36 370 D-glucopyranose, cycloamylosis structure, 29 199... 

Fig. 9.3 Chemical structures of the selective phytotoxins 9 and 10 produced by canola virulent isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans. Phytotoxins 9 and 10 are produced in potato dextrose medium...

Fig. 1. Trichoderma harzianum colony forms ring structures on potato-dextrose agar white feeding mycelium (right) and green sporulating mycelium (left).

Dextrose in solution or in solid form exists in the pyranose structural conformation. In solution, a small amount of the open-chain aldehyde form exists in equilibrium with the cyclic structures (1) and (2). The open-chain form is responsible for the reducing properties of dextrose. 

Saccharide-based fat mimetics differ strongly from fats and oils. Generally they absorb a substantial amount of water and are therefore not suitable for frying. As they can carry only water-soluble flavors, they lack the flavor of fats and oils. Inulin and starch hydrolysates (dextrose equivalent 2) are striking examples of a fat mimetic. The fat substitution is based on its ability to stabilize water into a creamy structure that has a fat-like mouth feel (Blomsma, 1997). 

PN solutions should provide the optimal combination of macronutrients and micronutrients to meet the specific nutritional requirements of the patient. Macronutrients include water, protein, dextrose, and intravenous lipid emulsion. Micronutrients include vitamins, trace elements, and electrolytes. Both macronutrients and micronutrients are necessary for maintenance of normal metabolism. In general, macronutrients are used for energy (dextrose and fat) and as structural... 

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