Development of probes

Acridine and its derivatives are also fused nitrogen heterocycles similar to acridones, which display a high fluorescence quantum yield and possess the ability to intercalate tightly, though reversively, to the DNA helical structure [73], with large binding constants [74]. As a result, acridine dyes are recognized in the field of the development of probes for nucleic acid structure and conformational determination [75-77]. 

As a result of the development of probe microscopy, many areas of research have experienced a remarkable progress and the variety of materials that have been visualized and characterized by STM, AFM and/or related techniques is correspondingly broad. These include metals [6], semiconductors [7] and superconductors [8], layered inorganic materials [9] and self-assembled monolayers [10] or polymers [11] and macromolecules (including biomacromolecules) [12,13],... 

In Situ and High Resolution Experimental Probes The active support now given to the development of probes to measure corrosion processes in situ and with the spatial resolution needed for studying local corrosion phenomena should be continued. Of particular importance is the use of probes where possible as sensors for on-line monitoring of corrosion of components in technologically important systems. 

Herold, KE. and A. Rasooly. Oligo design a computer program for development of probes for oligonucleotide microarrays. Biotechniques. 2003, 35(6), 1216-1221... 

Design and Development of Probes for In vivo Molecular and Functional Imaging of Cancer and Cancer Therapies by Positron Emission Tomography (PET)... 

The development of probes for large biomolecules has attracted considerable attention using luminescent late transition metals, particularly Ru(II) polypyridyl... 

A major advance in detection of NMR signals has been the development of probes in which the RF coil and the preamplifier are cooled close to the temperature of liquid helium, but with the sample remaining at ambient temperature. These so-called cryoprobes have a S/N ratio improvement of 500% over conventional probes of the same sample diameter. This is because the thermal noise level in the circuitry scales approximately as the square root of the ratio of the absolute temperatures. There are some limitations to this improvement for highly conducting... 

The past 5 years have also seen a rapid increase in the number of new probe classes. This has included the development of probes that target non-enzymatic proteins such as GABA receptors and acetylcholine receptors. In addition, there have been recent reports of probes that target other diverse enzyme classes including sulfatases, deaminases, dimethylaminohydrolases, lipa-... 

In luminescence research, attention has recently shifted from the development of solid-state phosphors (in television screens) and lasers (e.g., yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers) to solution-state methods exemplified by the development of probes for bioinorganic chemistry and the development of time-resolved luminescent labelings and assays. 

The development of probes for the toxic heavy metals mercury, cadmium and lead in biological systems is of special interest In this context, selectivity is particularly important since alkali and alkaline earth metals (e.g. Na", K", ... 

The use and development of probes to obtain information about systems that otherwise would be impossible to study has become a major landmark of modem science and engineering (i). Probes to study the Earth s outer atmosphere, the solar system, as well as the depths of the ocean have revealed important information, which has expanded our understanding about these environments. We can find excellent examples of probes in nature. Our five senses allow us to probe and sense our surroundings. At the microscopic level, our immune system is constantly probing our body, in search for vimses and infections, and different organs in our body incessantly monitor the level of a variety of components in our blood stream such as sugars, lipids and electrolytes, which play a vital role in their regulation. 

In this paper, we will discuss the development of probes for the imaging and treatment of cancers. 

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