Detonation velocity table

It has been indicated in previous discussion that the initiation of detonation in the azides is structure and confinement sensitive, and the variation in the behavior is reflected in differing detonation velocities (Table III). Notwithstanding the question whether steady detonations are achieved in some instances, available theories confirm that the detonation velocities depend on dimensions and confinement for small-diameter samples and on the density and azide content of a given mixture. 

Computer codes are used for the calculational procedures which provide highly detailed data, eg, the Ruby code (70). Rapid, short-form methods yielding very good first approximations, such as the Kamlet equations, are also available (71—74). Both modeling approaches show good agreement with experimental data obtained ia measures of performance. A comparison of calculated and experimental explosive detonation velocities is shown ia Table 5. 

Tables 2.1 and 2.2 show that theory enables detonation velocities to be calculated in close agreement with those observed experimentally. This, unfortunately, is not a critical test of the theory as velocities when calculated are rather insensitive to the nature of the equation of state used. A better test would be to calculate the peak pressures, densities and temperatures encountered in detonation, and compare these with experimental results. The major difficulties here are experimental. Attempts to measure temperatures in the detonation zone have not been very successful, but better results have been obtained in the measurement of densities and pressures. Schall introduced density measurement by very short X-ray flash radiography and showed that TNT at an initial density of 1 -50 increased 22% in density in the detonation wave. More recently detonation pressures have been measured by Duff and Houston using a method (introduced by Goranson) in which the pressure is deduced from the velocity imparted to a metal plate placed at the end of the column of explosive. Using this method, for example, Deal obtains the detonation pressures for some military explosives recorded in Table 2.3. More...

TABLE 5.2 Detonation Velocities of Stoichiometric Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixtures3... 

Calculate the detonation velocity in a gaseous mixture of 75% ozone (03) and 25% oxygen (02) initially at 298 K and 1 atm pressure. The only products after detonation are oxygen molecules and atoms. Take the AffjfO-,) I40kj/mol and all other thermochemical data from the JANAF tables in the appendixes. 

Though the theoretical detonation velocity and pressure at the CJ point are expressed by very simplified expressions, the computed results obtained by means of Eq. (9.7) are confirmed by measured data for RDX- and TNT-based explosives, as shown in Table 9.110 (Cp-B indicates Composition B , with the two columns relating to different particle sizes). 

Table 9.1 Density, detonation velocity, and pressure at the CJ point.

Based on the experimental data for various types of explosives shown in Table 9.2, the detonation velocity is represented by the following equahon ... 

Table 9.3 shows the measured detonation velocities and densities of various types of energetic explosive materials based on the data in Refs. [9-11]. The detonation velocity at the CJ point is computed by means of Eq. (9.7). The detonation velocity increases with increasing density, as does the heat of explosion. Ammonium ni-trate(AN) is an oxidizer-rich material and its adiabatic flame temperature is low compared with that of other materials. Thus, the detonation velocity is low and hence the detonation pressure at the CJ point is low compared with that of other energetic materials. However, when AN particles are mixed with a fuel component, the detonation velocity increases. On the other hand, when HMX or RDX is mixed with a fuel component, the detonation velocity decreases because HMX and RDX are stoichiometrically balanced materials and the incorporation of fuel components decreases their adiabatic flame temperatures. 

In general, PBX materials are used for the warheads of rockets and guns. Thus, the detonation pressure pj represented by Eq. (9.7) is the most important parameter above all others. Since the detonation velocity Wj, can be measured more easily and more accurately than pj, performance is evaluated by measuring Wp, which is converted into pj by means of Eq. (9.7). Table 9.6 shows Wj, and p data, along with computed detonation pressures at the CJ point, for various HMX-PBX and RDX-PBXmaterials. 

As shown in Table 9.6, the detonation velocity is highly dependent on the density of the PBX, which, in turn, depends on the mass fraction of HMX or RDX.PB When a mixture of nylon powder and HMX particles is pressed into an explosive of the desired shape, a high-density HMX-PBX is formed. However, during the formulation process, the material is sensitive to pressurization and to mechanical shock. 

Picric acid and tetryl, both yellow powders, are no longer used by the military, though do-it-yourself books outline the synthesis of picric acid for the would-be criminal/terrorist and tetryl is still found in old munitions. Most of the military explosives are white-colored powders (TNT is cream colored). Since all, but TNT, decompose upon or instead of melting, they require some sort of compounding in order to be shapeable. They can be blended into TNT in a variety of ratios to make the formulations listed in Table 2.3. They can also be formulated in wax or plasticizer. The use of plasticizer is preferred because less dilution of the explosive occurs. (In the world of performance, TNT, with detonation velocity of 6900 m/s is considered a dilutant of HMX, detonation velocity of 9100 m/s.)... 

Brisance, Correlation with Detonation Velocity. See Vol 2 of Encycl, p B297-L and Table II, pB298... 

Table 2, p 5 of Ref 7, entitled "Cylinder Test Results , shows density, detonation velocities and cylinder wall velocities for various pure and mixed HE s. Our table 2 gives some selected values... 

The computed C-J detonation properties D (detonation velocities in cm//nsec), p (pressure in megabars), T (temperature, °K), and y (polytropic exponent) are given in Table III, pp 14-17 of Addnl Ref N. The C-J volume in cc/g of expl and some other properties were also determined, but they are not shown in Table III they are li ted on pp 26-324... 

This method permitted the determination, not only of the lower and upper explosion (or detonation) limits (as given in Table A, compiled from Ref 4, p 144 and Ref 7, p 196), but also detonation velocities at various concentrations... 

In Table B, the value r is the ratio of the diam of the wire to the radius of the pipe, n is the number of turns of the helix per cm along the pipe, Dg is the detonation velocity in the smooth part of the pipe and Dr is the velocity in the rough part Refs 1) Ya.B. Zel dovich A.S. Kompa-neets, Teoriya Detonatsii , Gostekhizdat, Moscow(1955) (Engl transin, see Ref 7)... 

Detonation Processes Properties of Explosive Affecting Them. This is a very broad subject and might include Chapman-Jouguet parameters (See Table under "Detonation, Chapman-Jouguet Parameters in ), thermohydrodynamic properties, brisance, density, power or strength, pressure of detonation, temperature of detonation, sensitivity to impact, sensitivity to initiation and detonation velocity... 

Table 8 lists some military and commercial explosives in diminishing order of their detonation velocities, together with other properties, such as heats of formation, combustion and detonation (or explosion), as well as explosion (or ignition) temperature and temperature of detonation (or explosion). Comparing these properties with icorresponding detonation velocity values shows that there is no relationship similar to that shown in Table II, p B298 of Vol 2 of Encycl between detonation velocity and brisance... 

Detonation velocities power values of various expis are given in Table 1, Vol 2 of Encycl, p B266ff under Brisance or Shattering Effect... 

See Brisance-Detonation Velocity Relationship in Vol 2 of Encycl, pp B297-L to B299-L, including Table II... 

Baum et al also stated on p 245 that Schmidt calcd deton velocities and other parameters for Tetryl using his equation and obtd the values given in Table 1... 

Mason Gibson (Ref 5) detd relationship betw density deton velocity for two adjacent 5 mm segments (A B) of a stepped rod of Tetryl at the explosives-rod probe interface. The results are listed in Table 4... 

Equation for detn of vel vs density and Table LI) 47 49 (Curves giving relationships betw densities and deton velocities of some expls) and Chap 5, pp 91-122 entitled Detonation Wave Shape and Density Properties 7) Dunkle s Syllabus (1957-1958), 205 212-15 8) Baum,... 

Stanyukovich Shekhter (1959), 242-45 289-95 (Influence of density on deton velocity) 9)Andreev Belyaev (I960), 193-94 (Formula and table for calcg vel in relation to density) 204-06 (Influence of densities on deton velocities for some expls)... 

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