Determination of Strength

The ballistic mortar test is considered to be the most satisfactory laboratory test for the measurement of the strength of an explosive. The design is based on the American company Du Ponfs design which was accepted as an international standard by the International Committee on Standardization of Tests on Explosives, Belgium in 1962. This has been described in detail by Taylor and Morris [85]. Ballistic Mortar (Du Pont Type) is used in the USA in preference to the Trauzl or lead block test which is considered to be a standard test in some European countries and is well known for research on explosives [86]. 

3 Bailey, A., and Murray, S.G. (1989) Explosives, Propellants and Pyrotechnics, Land Warfare, Brassey s New Battlefield Weapons Systems and Technology Series, (eds F. Hartley and R.G. Lee), vol. 2, Brassey s (UK) Ltd, London, UK, p. 149. 

4 Kosowski, B.M., and Taylor, R.C. (1995) Methods and compositions for melt-cast explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. US Patent 5,431,756. 

5 Agrawal, J.P. (1998) Recent trends in high energy materials. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 24, 1-30. 

12 Watt, D.S., and Cliff, M.W. (2000) Evaluation ofTNAZ-A High Performance Melt-Castable Explosive. Australian Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory (AAMRL) Report No. DSTO-TR-1000. 

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ISO 15108 1998 Adhesives - Determination of strength of bonded joints using a bending-shear method... 

The strength of explosives is determined by Trauzl or lead block test. In this test, volume increase produced by the detonation of an explosive under test in the cavity of a soft lead block is measured. This volume increase is a measure of the strength of an explosive. It is a comparative method for determination of strength of an explosive. The principle of this test is illustrated in the Figure 3.21. 

Kuz menko, N.E., Pirags, I.Ya., Pritkov, S.E., Stolyarov, A.V. and Ferber, R.S. (1987). Determination of strength of electronic transition in B1nu-X1E+ system of potassium dimers 39K2 from intensities of laser-induced fluorescence, Izv. Akad. Nauk Latv. SSR, Ser. Fiz. Tekh. Nauk, 4, 3-10. 

Determination of Strength of Interaction between Adsorbate and Surface... 

The two terms are complementary. They involve determination of strength of acid or an alkali solution by titration against a standard solution of alkali or an acid as the case may be. If the strengths in normality of the alkali and the acid solutions are and Sg respectively and ml of the alkah exactly neutralises VB ml of the acid then ... 

Fig. 5.33 Handheld (a) and automated (b) crushingtest equipment for the determination of strength of pelleted animal feed (courtesy Amandus Kahl, Reinbek, Germany).

Stowmarket, manufacture of gun-cotton at, 57. Sulphuric acid, determination of strength of, 24. Sy on test for nitro-cellulose, 269. 

Figure 1 Determination of strength according to CSN EN 12808-3 mixtures with waste...

For the determination of strength and degradation, the primary tool for the analytical chemist involved in stability testing is HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection. 

Cobanoglu, I. Cdik, S.B. 2012. Determination of strength parameters and quality assessment of Denizli travertines (SW Turkey). Engineering Geology, 129-130 38-47. 

Cellulose is the major wall constituent in the supporting tissues of mature plant cells. The paracrystalline structure of cellulose, that results from energy minimization by the formation of inter- and intrachain hydrogen bonds, makes it mechanically the strongest known organic molecule on density basis (Niklas 1992). It is natural then that cellulose is the primary determinant of strength in structural tissues. 

P. C. Wifliams, F. Jaby El-Haramein, G. Ortiz-Ferreira, J. P. Srivastava. Preliminary observations on the determination of strength in wheat by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Cereal Chem 65 109—114, 1988. 

Yager, R.R. (2004). On the determination of strength of belief for decision support under uncertainty Part II fusing strengths of belief. Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 142(1), pp. 129-142. 

For the determination of strength and amount of a solid acid, there are two main methods an amine titration method using indicators and a gaseous base adsorption method. 

Ammonia, n-butylamine, and pyridine are used extensively as gaseous bases for the determination of strength and amount of a solid acid. However, ammonia and a-butylamine in which hydrogen atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom have a tendency to dissociate (e.g., NH3 = NH2 +H ) and adsorb on both acidic and basic sites depending on the kinds of solids and the adsorption condition. In this regard, triethyl-amine, which is much more difficult to dissociate, is recommended for use as an adsorbate. Care must also be taken in the use of pyridine, because pyridine has recendy been found to adsorb on strong basic sites to form an anion radical of pyridine. It appears necessary to check the adsorbed states of basic molecules by IR or ESR spectroscopy. 

Two important determinants of strength in hot-melts are molecular weight and polarity. Thus paraffin wax and polyethylene are both aliphatic hydrocarbon polymers but the far greater molecular weight of the polyethylene results in much higher tensile strength, tear strength, and heat resistance. 

EN 196-1 (2005). Method of testing cement - Part 1 Determination of strength. 

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