Charge detectors

Bioluminescence detector Charge-coupled device Contactless-conductivity detector Capillary electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis-Electrochemistry Collision-induced dissociation Chemiluminescence detector Sodium chlorate-nitrobenzene Commercial off-the-shelf (U.S. Army) Cold Regions Research and Development Center Croatian Mine Action Center Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,... 

The diffraction equipment used for the study of conducting polymers in no way differs fi-om that used for the study of conventional polymers. This short section does not cover the experimental methods in any technical detail, however, but merely presents some considerations about their applicability. Details can be found in the standard books on this topic [3-5]. Admittedly, these books are somewhat dated they do not, for instance, reflect the impact of computers on both automation of equipment and data evaluation. Another result of the ever-accelerating progress in microelectronics (still based on metals and inorganic semiconductors instead of polymers), is to be found in the field of x-ray detector systems linear photodiode array detectors, Charge-Coupled-Device area detectors and Image Plate detectors have all become available recently. 

MS/ELSD/CAD Mass Spectrometry/Evaporative Light Scattering Detector/Charged Aerosol Detector ... 

Great progress has also been achieved in the field of low-level signal detection. Apart from new photomultipliers with an extended spectral sensivity range and large quantum efficiencies, new detection instruments have been developed such as image intensifiers, infrared detectors, charge-coupled devices (CCDs) or optical multichannel analyzers, which could move from classified military research into the open market. For many spectroscopic applications they prove to be extremely useful. 

Channeltron Another name for a channel electron multiplier detector, charge transfer reaction Sometimes referred to as charge exchange. This is one of the ion-molecule reaction mechanisms that take place in a collision/ reaction cell. Involves the transfer of a positive charge from the interfering ion to the reaction gas molecule, forming a neutral atom that is not seen by the mass analyzer. An example of this kind of reaction ... 

Figure 1 (A) Afibre optic spectroscopy system with separate illumination and collection path is based on an excitation source, which is a laser or a white light source (reflectometry) or a monochromator filtered arc lamp (fluorescence). Optics couple the excitation light into the flexible probe. A probe collects the emitted light. Coupling optics adapt the numerical aperture of the probe to the spectrograph or filter system. An optical detector (charge coupled device (CCD), photodiode array, photomultiplier tube) is read out and digitized. (B) A fibre optic spectroscopy system with a probe that incorporates one optical fibre needs a dichroic beam splitter and well aligned optics to separate excitation and fluorescence light. Reproduced with permission of Optical Society of America Inc. from Greek LS, Schulze HG, Blades MW, Haynes CA, Klein K-F and Turner RFB (1998) Fiber-optic probes with improved excitation and collection efficiency for deep-UV Raman and resonance Raman spectroscopy. Applied Optics Z7 ).

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