Design losses from

Although mote expensive to fabricate than the pelleted catalyst, and usually more difficult to replace or regenerate, the honeycomb catalyst is more widely used because it affords lower pressure losses from gas flow it is less likely to collect particulates (fixed-bed) or has no losses of catalyst through attrition, compared to fiuidized-bed and it allows a mote versatile catalyst bed design (18), having a weU-defined flow pattern (no channeling) and a reactor that can be oriented in any direction. 

Locating now in their respec tive scales on Nomograph 4 the design factor (from Nomograph 3) and the calculated equivalent lengm, draw an extended straight line to intersect the pivot line in the center. Now connect this point in the pivot line with the solids-ratio scale (from Nomograph 2), and read the system ressure loss. 

Understanding how sudden pressure releases can occur is important. They can happen, for example, from ruptured high-pressure tanks, runaway reactions, flammable vapor clouds, or pressure developed from external fire. The proper design of pressure rehef systems can reduce the possibility of losses from unintended overpressure. 

Rudolph Diesel s original intent was to produce a low-heat-rejection internal-combustion engine without the need for a cooling system. He believed that this would provide less heat losses from the combustion process and provide him with a superior heat, or thermally efficient (TE), design concept. To his chagrin. 

The selection is dictated by economics governing the initial plant cost versus higher turbine output. Usually, the turbine exhaust steam is designed to be slightly superheated, which is desirable, as it allows for heat loss from the steam with minimum condensate losses. At low loads from the turbine, the degree of superheat can rise sharply, well in excess of the normal design conditions, and for this purpose, desuperheaters are often employed to trim the steam temperature at exhaust. 

The above calculations will give the heat losses after the building has been heated. Under conditions in which the heating system will operate continuously, satisfactory results will be obtained if the heating system is designed to provide heat equivalent to the amount calculated above. Suitable allowance must be made for losses from mains. 

The stack of platelets is encompassed by two end caps bearing the external fluidic connections. If desired, a third housing part can be introduced in between the end caps to shield the stack. As a further design modification, ceramic Macor insulating plates can be inserted between the end caps and platelet stack to prevent heat losses from the stack to the housing. 

GP 11] ]R 19] The suppression of explosive homogeneous gas-phase reactions is not due simply to thermal quenching as a result of the heat losses from a micro reactor, but rather to radical quenching [9]. The micro reactor will therefore be safe even when heat losses from the reaction micro channel are reduced by design modifications. 

For accidents affecting process plant buildings, the potential for serious or fatal injury to building occupants is the foremost concern. Additionally, in cases where buildings house critical controls or equipment, proper design and siting may also help reduce indirect safety impacts (e.g., due to loss of process control), as well as business interruption costs and property loss from such events. 

The split between the radiant and convection section heat varies according to the design. Casing losses are usually between 1 and 3% of the heat release from combustion. The heat loss from the stack is constrained by the desire to avoid any condensation of water vapor in the convection section. If there is any sulfur present in the fuel, then the condensate will be corrosive. The temperature at which the flue gas starts to condense is the acid dew point. For sulfurbearing fuels, the temperature of the flue gas is normally... 

It is required that the safety of a process plant fulfills a certain required level. This is because of general legal requirements, company image, and also due to economic reasons, since an unsafe plant cannot be profitable due to losses of production and capital. Thus safety should influence design decisions from the first moments of the design project. 

Design of an air sparging system requires a balanced airflow to maintain effectiveness and control of the migration of fluids and vapors. Because of the potential for loss of control, an air sparge system should not be designed or installed without a field pilot test. Design data from pilot tests include ... 

The relationships developed from field measurements have been made dimensionless with the assumptions that v = 1.33 x 10 m /s and AijO = 2.6 x 10 m /s to facilitate comparisons between relations and avoid dimensional problems. They are given in Table 9.2. The early measurements were to investigate the loss of water from the reservoirs of the Colorado River in the United States, and the later measurements were designed to investigate heat loss from heated water bodies. A revelation occurred in 1969, when Shulyakovskyi brought in buoyancy forces as related to natural convection to explain the heat loss from heated water at low wind velocities. This was picked up by Ryan and Harleman (1973), who realized that natural convection could explain the need for a constant term in front of the relationship for gas film coefficient, as had been found by Brady et al. (1969), Kohler (1954), Rymsha and Dochenko (1958), and Shulyakovskyi (1969). Finally, Adams et al. (1990) rectified... 

A steam jacket and insulation to conserve energy designed primarily to heat the metal mass of the vessel and to limit heat loss from within the vessel. Some laboratory and small special-use sterilizers are unjacketed. 

However, for tempered systems, relief via a bursting disc may give rise to two-phase relief due to flashing as the reactor depressurises. Although this does not affect the sizing of the relief system, it does increase the mass loss from the reactor and has implications for the disposal system design. Use of a safety valve, rather than a bursting disc, can prevent this. 

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