Delumping delumped components

While the 13 hydrocarbon lumps accurately represent the hydrocarbon conversion kinetics, they must be delumped for the deactivation kinetics. In addition, delumping is necessary to estimate many of the product properties and process conditions important to an effective reformer process model. These include H2 consumption, recycle gas H2 purity, and key reformate properties such as octane number and vapor pressure. The following three lump types had to be delumped the C5- kinetic lump into Cl to C5 light gas components, the paraffin kinetic lumps into isoparaffin and n-paraffin components, and the Cg+ kinetic lumps into Cg, C9, C10, and Cn components by molecular type. 

Even though, as presented above, certain characteristic relationships have been developed for many agglomeration methods, scale-up is a serious problem. Furthermore, aging has very often a marked effect on the results, because binding mechanisms rely on chemical and physical interactions at the surfaces of particles to be agglomerated and, if applicable, with the binder component(s). Therefore, a representative material which is several days or weeks old and may have to be reheated, re wetted, dried, or delumped to bring it back to a comparable condition as found in the real plant environment may yield completely different results than those found later in-line. This means that not only tests must be carried out with representative samples of raw materials and, if applicable, binders but pilot plant evaluations on site and/or in-line should also be considered if the risk of a new application is to be minimized. 

Nichita et al applied the pseudo-component method to the wax precipitation from hydrocarbon mixtures. To do so a general form of a two-parameter equation of state was used for vapour and liquid phases. The heavy components were assumed to precipitate in a single solid solution. Because lumping in pseudo-components often results in difficulties in solid-liquid equihbrium calculations the authors proposed a delumping procedure (mentioned in section 9.3.1). Lira-Galeana et al calculated wax precipitation in petroleum mixtures by assuming the wax consisted of several solid phases each described as a piue component or pseudo-component immiscible with other solid phases. 

The simplified fractionator includes a delumper model to convert the 21 kinetic lumps into >80 pure- and pseudo-components, which are then divided into user-specified boiling fractions. A non-linear distribution function generates ideal distillation curves with realistic fraction-to-fraction overlap. The fractionator can inter-convert distillation methods, so a user can calculate D-86, D-1160, D-2887, and/or TBP curves for gasoline and LCO. 

Delumper Converts lumped composition into set of pseudocomponents based on true boiling point (TBP) suitable for fractionation Carries chemical information about the kinetic lumps as an attribute of the pseudocomponent Additional delumping of light gas into C1-C4 components using known kinetics [43]... 

Figure 4.85 shows the key results of the calibration procedure. The Reactor group tuning parameters control the activity of each group of kinetic pathways and the light ends distribution. The delumping curves covert the kinetic lumps into fractionation lumps appropriate for a petroleum refining component slate. 

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