Deliberate release directive

The legal basis of the Deliberate Release Directive (DRD) is Article 100a of the Treaty of Rome, which is concerned with the adoption of measures for approximating law, regulation or administrative actions of Member... 

Until 1992, political pressures had restricted trial releases of GMOs in Germany. For the Deliberate Release Directive, the control is at a central level with the Federal Health Ministry acting as the main competent authority for handling release notifications. The Federal Environment Office and the Federal Biological Office also cooperate. 

EEC Directive on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms... 

Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC... 

Any terrorist or criminal act directed toward a chemical agent storage, laboratory, or chemical demilitarization facility or any deliberate release of chemical agent. 

European Community (1990) Council Directive on Deliberate Release Into the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms. (90/220/EEC) Off. J. Eur. Commun. LI 17. 

Commission of the European Community (1990b). Directive on the Deliberate Release into the Environment of Genetically-Modified Organisms. 90/220/EEC, 23.04.90 (OJ L177, 08.05.90). CEC, Brussels. 

Natural spread occurs as a result of bites from an infected mosquito. Exposure from a deliberate release would occur by inhalation of the organism and subsequent contact with mucosal membranes. Direct person-to-person transmission is not possible as an intermediate insect vector would be required. Inadvertent occupational exposure may occur as the result of laboratory work. 

Cardiovascular adverse effects are minimal with pancuronium. Ganglion blockade does not occur. Shght dose-dependent rises in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output are common (5), but are often masked by the actions of other co-administered agents, such as fentanyl or halothane, which cause bradycardia or hypotension. These adverse effects of pancuronium are thus often beneficial and can be deliberately harnessed. Several mechanisms contribute vagal blockade via selective blockade of cardiac muscarinic receptors (6), release of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerve endings (7), increased blood catecholamine concentrations (8), inhibition of neuronal catecholamine reuptake (9-11), and direct effects on myocardial contractility (12). These have been reviewed (13-15). 

One way of process simplification is to make molecular complex compounds out of much simpler building blocks (e.g., by multi-component one-pot syntheses like the Ugi reaction), at best directly out of the elements. Especially in the latter case, this is often quoted as a dream reaction [14]. Typically, such routes have been realized so far with hazardous elements, easily undergoing reaction, but lacking selectivity. One example is direct fluorination starting with elemental fluorine, which has been performed both with aromatics and aliphatics. Since the heat release cannot be controlled with conventional reactors, the process is deliberately slowed down. While, for this reason, direct fluorination needs hours in a laboratory bubble column it is completed within seconds or even milliseconds when using a miniature bubble column operating close to the kinetic limit. Also, conversions with the volatile and explosive diazomethane, commonly used for methylation, have been conducted safely with microreactors in a continuous mode [14]. 

Nuclear weapons are deliberately prearmed, armed, launched, fired, or released without execution of emergency war orders or without being directed to do so by a competent authority. 

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