Degree of risk

The design or substantial modification of a new plant or process, its subsequent constmction, and start-up represent a tremendous investment of time and money. The rewards are great if a significant improvement is realized the risks are also great if a costiy commercial plant fails to produce as expected. To reduce the degree of risk, lengthy and expensive research programs are often undertaken. 

It is also the responsibihty of management to estimate the probabilities for the success of individual projects after due consideration of all the data provided by the various departments. The rate of return on investment that is acceptable to management is a function of these responsibihties. Each industry has a reasonably well defined return on investment that reflects the degree of risk inherent in that industry. If management decisions are faulty, the company either will overspend or will miss opportunities. 

They suggested that each project should pay an insurance premium i to guarantee the expected profits. The magnitude of b is proportional to the amount of capital to be risked. It is also a function of the degree of risk involved. Working capital and capital for auxiliary facilities are assumed to be risk-free. Thus, the risk rate is applied only to the fraction of the capital investment hkely to be lost it the project is unexpectedly terminated. 

Any individual point on the curve is obtained by summing the frequencies of all events resulting in that number of fatalities or greater. The slope of the cui ve and the maximum number of fatalities are two key indicators of the degree of risk. 

The degree of risk to human health and the environment posed by such constituents. 

Degree of risk to personnel, e.g. toxic combustion or fire-fighting agent decomposition products. 

Expect broad variations in style. Many companies (and individual facilities) have both formal and informal management systems. The degree of formality (e.g., documentation, authorization, follow-up) is often a function of the degree of risk associated with the activity the management system is designed to control, as well as of the structure or culture of the organization itself. 

The magnitude of the safety factor is very important and usually ranges from 1.4 to 2.8 depending upon downhole conditions, drill pipe quality and acceptable degree of risk. It is recommended that a value of safety factor be selected to produce a margin of overpull of at least about 70,000 lb. 

A new-field wildcat is a well located on a structural feature or other type of trap which has not previously produced oil or gas. In regions where local geological conditions have little or no control over accumulations, these wells are generally at least two miles from the nearest productive area. Distance, however, is not the determining factor. Of greater importance is the degree of risk assumed by the operator, and his intention to test a structure or stratigraphic condition not previously proved productive. 

Because of the requirement by public health authorities that any chemical used in the production of food should pose no risk to the consumer, the safety of food chemicals has mostly been approached from the perspective of whether or not the chemical poses a toxicological hazard. If it does so then it is argued that it is likely to present some degree of risk to the consumer even if humans are exposed to very low levels of that chemical in their diets. However, if exposure is minimal, depending on the nature of the toxicity, it is likely that the risk is acceptable because it is so low. What is not considered, or even tested in the experimental systems designed to study the toxicological effects of chemicals, is whether there are levels of exposure where there might be potential health benefits. The assumption is made that any nonnatural, adventitious substance that can be shown to be toxic is unlikely to have health benefits. 

The final IR or IR degree of risk implies that the reaction is ... 

The improved short-term outcomes gained from induction therapy come with a degree of risk. By using these highly immunosuppressive agents, particularly the antilymphocyte antibodies (ALAs), muronomab-CD3 (OKT-3), and the antithymocyte antibodies, the body loses much of its innate ability to mount a cell-mediated immune response, which increases the risk of opportunistic infections and cancer.7,10... 

In both children and adults with ALL, clinical trials have identified several risk factors that correlate with outcome (Table 92-5). Prognostic features include age, WBC count, cytogenetic abnormalities, ploidy, leukemic cell immunophe-notype, and degree of initial response to therapy.7 When these factors are combined, they predict groups of patients with varying degrees of risk for treatment failure. 

D. Dust explosion covers for the possibility of a dust explosion. The degree of risk is largely determined by the particle size. The penalty factor varies from 0.25 for particles above 175 pm, to 2.0 for particles below 75 pm. 

Risk factor Degree of risk Strength of evidence... 

Risk characterisation Comparison of information on hazardous properties and effective dose levels/ concentrations with exposure levels in order to characterise the degree of risk posed by the substance to human health or to the environment ... 

A usefid indicator of the efficacy of an assay series is the frequency of discovery of truly active compounds. The frequency is related to the probability of discovery and to the degree of risk (hazard to health) associated with an active compound passing a screen undetected. These two factors in turn depend on the distribution of activities in the series of compounds being tested, and the chances of rejecting or accepting compounds with given activities at each stage. 

The Secretary of Homeland Security determines which chemical facilities must meet the security requirements of DHS regulations based on the degree of risk posed by each facility. However, initially, screening of chemical facilities for compliance requirements was done on the basis of potential consequence rather than risk. 

The following passage from International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q9 provides a basic principle that enables the appropriate degree of risk assessment for the instrument to be determined. 

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