Degradation rosin

Considering their heat sensitivity, the separation of fatty acids and rosin with minimal degradation by fractional distillation under vacuum and/or in the presence of steam is surprisingly good (3). Tad od rosin (TOR) contains about 2% fatty acid and smad amounts of neutrals. Tad od fatty acid (TOFA) contains as Htde as 1.2% rosin and 1.7% neutrals. In typical U.S. TOFA, 49% of the fatty acids is oleic, 45% linoleic, and 3% palmitic, stearic, and eicosatrienoic acid. TOR and TOFA are upgraded to resins and chemicals for the manufacture of inks (qv), adhesives (qv), coatings (qv), and lubricants (see Lubrication AND lubricants). 

Separation of fatty acids (Ruthven, 1997). Tall oil from the pulp and paper industry is subjected to separation of rosin acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and neutral compounds. Distillation at reduced pressure is u.sed, but this leads to degradation of products. A Sorbex process eliminates this problem. 

Supino-Rosin, L., A. Yoshimura, Y. Yarden, Z. Elazar, and D. Neumann. Intracellular retention and degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, two distinct processes mediated by benzoquinone ansamycins. J Biol Chem. 275 21850-5.2000. 

The important point is that the cellulose in these alum/rosin sized papers is susceptible to acid hydrolysis, which results in a lowering of the degree of polymerisation and, eventually, to a serious reduction in the strength of fibres and to complete embrittlement of the paper. Some recent work in the writer s laboratory suggests that when alum/rosin papers are made, the hydroxonium ions which lead to the degradation are adsorbed independently of aluminium ionic species (4). 

One of the most industrially important characteristics of papers is their chemical stability, which enables them to withstand degradation with its consequential loss of tensile and tear strength and fold endurance under normal conditions of use. However, this stability is not absolute. Cellulose is susceptible to oxidation and the glycosidic linkage is susceptible to hydrolysis. In order to protect book papers from acid degradation, they must not be exposed to acid. Acids are generated from the alum-rosin size as well as from such... 

Separation of Fatty Acids. Tall oil is a by-product of the pulp and paper manufacturing process and contains a spectrum of fatty acids, such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, and rosin acids, such as abietic acid. The conventional refining process to recover these fatty acids involves intensive distillation under vacuum. This process does not yield high purity fatty acids, and moreover, a significant degradation of fatty acids occurs because of the high process temperatures. These fatty and rosin acids can be separated using a UOP Sorbex process ( 93—99) (Tables 8 and 9). 

The production of pulp and paper delivers by-products that can principally be recovered and utiHzed as renewable raw materials. The waste liquor of alkahne pulping, the so-caUed black Hquor contains inter alia acetates, degradation products, soluble alkali Hgnin as well as saponified rosin acids and fatty acids. Black liquor can be combusted to provide energy for the plant or alternatively yield crude tail oil (CTO) which contains between 15 and 55% fatty acids and 20-65% rosin aids [15]. World production of CTO can be estimated to be about 1.5 miUion tons [41]. 

Further, the hydrocarbon nature of rosin structures imparts an excellent hydrophobicity to the PCL with a contact angle closely to that of poly(styrene) thus effecting a very low water absorption. The graft copolymers maintain the full degradability and a good biocompatibiUty. 

An early conservation use of pine resin was as a hot-melt coating applied to degraded wool in the eleventh century (Cronyn and Horie, 1985). The oleoresin and the rosin derived from it have been included in recipes for artistic materials... 

Natural products derived from conifer oleoresins, particularly those from pine, have been articles of commerce since before recorded history. These oleoresins, which consist of an essential oil and a resin, are the source of turpentine (the essential oil), rosin (the resin), and a host of degraded products of rosin such as tars, pitches, oils, and fossil resins. 

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