Defecation, suppression

In rats, intracerebroventricular administration of NPY has been associated with an attenuation in ambulation, grooming, and defecation associated with a novel or open-field environment (B. E. Leonard and Song 1994]. ffow-ever, in an elevated plus-maze, this group reported that NPY effects were negligible. NPY-associated behavioral changes were also accompanied by changes in homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and by the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation. Further evidence of anxiolytic effects... 

Clinical signs are indistinguishable from organophosphate poisoning. Muscarinic signs include salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, and defecation. Nicotinic signs include muscle tremors and fascicula-tions, convulsions, and respiratory failure (Mahmood and Carmichael, 1986). The muscarinic effects of ana-toxin-a(s) can be suppressed by atropine (Cook et al., 1990), but it is relatively resistant to oxime reactivation, compared with typical organophosphate insecticides, because of the formation of an enzyme-adduct (Hyde and Carmichael, 1991). 

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